Evidence of Supersoichiometric H/D LENR Active Sites and High Temperature Superconductivity in a Hydrogen-Cycled Pd/PdO A.G. Lipson 1,2, C.H. Castano 1, G.H. Miley 1, B.F. Lyakhov 2, A. Yu. Tsivadze 2, A.V. Mitin 3 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering Urbana IL, 61801 USA 2 Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119915 Russia 3 P. Kapitza Institute of Physical Problems, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia 2005 1
Introduction I Pd metal no superconductivity (T < 1 mk) due to spin fluctuations; Pd is close to ferromagnetics. PdH x : superconducting at x = H/Pd 0.8; Tc increases from 1 to 9K when 0.8 < x < 1.0; decrease in spin fluctuations and Sd hybridization. Old speculation about metallic hydrogen in PdH x at x > 1. 2005 2
Introduction II Metallic hydrogen problem: molecular dynamic simulation: at P > 400 GPa hydrogen would be a metallic superfluid with electronic superconductivity (Tc 100 K) and proton Cooper pairs (E. Babaev, A.Sudbo, N. Ashcroft, PRL, 95, 105301, 2005). Dislocations in H-cycled Pd can absorb large amount of hydrogen (5-6 at. H/1Å of dislocation line)- SANS measurement result. B.J. Heuser and S.J. King Met. & Material Transaction A29, 1594 (1998). Under electrochemical cathode-anodic and/or H2 gas cycling the dislocation density in Pd foils reaches (2-5) 10 11 cm -2. Binding energy of H at deep dislocation cores exceeds 0.7 ev/hatom Hydrogen trapped inside deep dislocation cores may show specific behavior. 2005 3
Dislocations in the H-cycled Pd single crystal (x 80K) 2005 4
What is expected? If hydrogen trapped inside deep dislocation cores: - Very high loading ratio x=h/pd>1 or metallic H n, (H 2 ) n hydrogen phase precipitation - Enormous compression: P ~ B= 120 GPa, - High optic phonon frequency (h 100 mev). - Strong electron-phonon coupling ( e-ph ~ 1.0). - Strong Pd-H(D) band overlapping (N. Ashcroft, PRL, 92, 187002, (2004)). - Excellent Conditions to achieve High Temperature Superconductivity? 2005 5
Objectives Study of hydrogen localization inside dislocation cores in Pd and Pd/PdO by vacuum thermal desorption technique. Study magnetic and transport properties of condensed hydrogen phase inside dislocation nanotubes in Pd/PdO foils and Pd single crystal (1.8-300K). Define electronic state of condensed hydrogen (metallic?) within the dislocation network. Search for HTSC in superstoichiometric Pd hydrides. Define a role of these superstoihiometric D-sites in LENR to trigger various DD-reactions, including multibody type (3D). 2005 6
Sample Preparation Pd single crystal ingot (99.999%); samples m=62 mg, H2 gas loading-deloading cycles and annealing at T= 573 K for 2 hr. Pd/PdO cold worked heterostructure. h=12.5 m, (PdO ~ 20 nm), 99.95 %, Nilaco Co., Japan, Fe 10 ppm. Electrochemical cycling (cathode loading-anodic deloading); j=5.0 ma/cm 2, 1MLi 2 SO 4 /H 2 O, annealing at T=573 K. Measurements: TDA with mass-spectrometer; 1T-SQUID Quantum Design MPMS-3, DC and AC modes, M(T), M(H), X (T), X (T); sensitivity better than 5x10-8 emu/g 4 and 2 -probe resistance: R(T), R(I). Keithley182 digital voltmeter; current pulses supplied by Keithley 220 programmable source to exclude thermo-power contribution 2005 7
Thermal desorption of Hydrogen from Pd:Hx (x=h/pd=4.5 10-4 ). T max =870 C, H = 1.6 0.2 ev H =k B [T 2 T 1 /(T 2 -T 1 )] ln(p 2 /P 1 ) Garlick-Gibson formula for activation energy of hydrogen. 1,20E-007 H 2 Pressure, [tor] 1,00E-007 8,00E-008 6,00E-008 4,00E-008 2,00E-008 PdH x (fg) Pd(bgr) b a 0,00E+000 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature, [ o C] 2005 8
H-Thermal Desorption from Pd/PdO:H x (x = H/Pd ~ 6.0x10-4 ), T m = 440 C, H = 0.65 0.10 ev 1.60E-007 H2 Pressure, [torr] 1.40E-007 1.20E-007 1.00E-007 8.00E-008 6.00E-008 4.00E-008 2.00E-008 Pd/PdO:Hx(fg) Pd/PdO(bgr) 0.00E+000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Temperature, [ o C] 2005 9
Edge dislocation core in Pd with H n - metallic hydrogen phase: Dislocation core is a nanotube with radius R H = b (Burgers vector) 2005 10
Effective Hydrogen Concentration at deep dislocation core ((M. Maxelon et al, Acta Mater. 49/14, 2625, (2001): x eff = <[H]/[Pd]>/ d R H 2, ( = a 0 /b) a) for PdH x : x= <[H]/[Pd]> = 4.5x10-4 d = 2x10 11 cm -2, R H = b = 2.75 Å x eff = 1.35. b) for Pd/PdO:Hx: x= <[H]/[Pd]> = 6.0 x10-4, x eff = 1.8 2005 11
DC Magnetic SQUID measurement with PdHx and Pd single crystal: M(T), H=1.0 Oe 4 10-6 3 10-6 Mass Magnetization [emu/g] 2 10-6 1 10-6 0 10 0-1 10-6 -2 10-6 -3 10-6 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 Temperature [K] 2005 12
Hysteresis loops for Pd and PdHx single crystal at T=2.0 K 2.4 10-5 1.6 10-5 8.0 10-6 Moment [emu] 0.0 10 0-8.0 10-6 -1.6 10-5 -2.4 10-5 -10-5 0 5 10 External Field [Oe] 2005 13
Initial magnetic moment versus external field for annealed Pd (solid boxes) and PdHx (open boxes). Fits to the Langevin function describing the paramagnetic response are shown. M = M 0 [coth( H/k B T) - (k B T/ H)], 1.8 10-5 1.5 10-5 Moment [emu] 1.2 10-5 9 10-6 6 10-6 3 10-6 0 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 External Field [Oe] 2005 14
Net magnetic moment (PdHx-Pd) versus external field at 2 K. The strong diamagnetic response at low field (<5Oe) and irreversible behavior are characteristic of a type II superconductor with magnetic flux pinning. 1.0 10-5 5.0 10-6 Moment [emu] 0.0 10 0-5.0 10-6 -1.0 10-5 -100-50 0 50 100 External Field (Oe) 2005 15
Magnetic susceptibility versus temperature for the net data at high field (open circles), the net data at low field (solid boxes), and 150 nm colloidal Pd (solid triangles). The low-field net susceptibility exhibits a diamagnetic transition below 50 K. Inset: antiferromagnetic Curie Weiss behavior at H> 10 Oe, = - 29 K 0.0 10 0-5.0 10-6 -1.0 10-5 1.2 10 7 1.0 10 7 [emu/g] -1.5 10-5 -2.0 10-5 -1 [g/e mu] 8.0 10 6 6.0 10 6 4.0 10 6-2.5 10-5 -3.0 10-5 2.0 10 6 0.0 10 0-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Temperature [K] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Temperature [K] 2005 16
Low magnetic field DC-susceptibility for Pd/PdO:H x sample: rare DC diamagnetic transitions at H < 0.5 Oe c 1,E-04 emu/g 8,E-05 6,E-05 4,E-05 2,E-05 0,E+00 DC Susceptibility of Pd/PdO:Hx 711 fg @ 0.5 Oe 713fg @ 0.4 Oe 717fg @ 1.0 Oe 717fg @ 1.5 Oe 717fg @ 5.0 Oe -2,E-05-4,E-05-6,E-05 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Temperature [K] 2005 17
DC susceptibility versus temperature for Pd/PdO:Hx under ZFC at 1.0 Oe (open boxes), 1.5 Oe (open triangles), and 5.0 Oe (solid diamonds), under FC conditions at 1.0 Oe (solid circles), and for Pd/PdO under ZFC at 1.0 Oe (open circles). Inset: low-field magnetization M(H) versus field at T=2-100 K 1 10-4 6.4 10-5 5.6 10-5 8 10-5 4.8 10-5 2 K DC Susceptibility [emu/g-oe] 6 10-5 4 10-5 Magnetic Moment [emu] 4.0 10-5 3.2 10-5 2.4 10-5 1.6 10-5 8.0 10-6 5 K 10 K 50 K 100 K 0.0 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 External Field [Oe] 2 10-5 0 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Temperature [K] 2005 18
Pd/PdO and Pd/PdO:H x AC measurement: f = 990 Hz, h=1.0 Oe, H=0 5 10-4 a) 4 10-4 3 10-4 Susceptibility[emu/g] 0 10 0-1 10-4 H parallel 2 10-4 H perpendicular -2 10-4 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature [K] 1 10-4 Susceptibility[emu/g] 0 10 0 3 10-5 2 10-5 b) 1 10-5 0 10 0-1 10-5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Temperature [K] 2005 19
X AC susceptibility of Pd/PdO:Hx and Pd/PdO-blank samples vs. T for H and H with respect to the sample: H / H = 2 /d 2 = 25 at T=10 K; d ~ 50 nm (Pd-PdO interface width), ~ 250 nm 2 dimensional type II Superconductivity 0,00010 0,00005 0,00000 ', [emu/g] -0,00005-0,00010 Pd/PdO:Hx (fg),ac H =1.0 Oe Pd/PdO:Hx(fg), AC H =1.0 Oe Pd/PdO (bgr), AC H = 1.0 Oe -0,00015-0,00020 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, [K] 2005 20
Diagrams of 4-probe and 2-probe(pseudo-four probe) resistance measurements 2005 21
R(T) for Pd/PdO:Hx and blank Pd/PdO. Inset: - Relative resistance (solid boxes)r = R(Pd/PdO:H x -Ri)/R(Pd/PdO) and temperature coefficient of resistivity (open circles) K=K(Pd/PdOH x )/K(Pd/PdO) 28.0 24.0 20.0 Resistance [m ] 16.0 12.0 8.00 4.00 0.00 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Temperature [K] 2005 22
Normalized V-I characteristics for (Pd/PdOHx)/(Pd/PdO) ratio vs.t. Resistance decrease with decrease in I below 60 K. Realtive Voltage, [arb.unit] 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10-3 10-2 10-1 10 0 Current, [ma] 4.2K 13.5K 23.5K 36K 47K 55K 60K 80K 90K 100K 200K 2005 23
2-probe resistance measurement: Relative resistance of Pd-PdO:H x boundary [R(Pd/PdO:H x )/R(Pd/PdO)] vs. T. R(Pd/PdO:H x ) < R(Pd/PdO) at T < 75 K 2,0 R(PdO:H x )/R(PdO), [arb. unit] 1,5 1,0 0,5 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, [K] 2005 24
Signatures of Filamentary Superconductivity in Pd/PdO:H x The non-linear behavior at low current (<0.01 ma) and low temperature ( 50 K) indicate enhanced transport properties consistent with uncorrelated supercurrents that break down at high current and high temperature (T > 67 K). In the present case, the non-linear behavior associated with the suppression of weak superconductivity along a network of condensed hydrogen at dislocation cores analogous to a Josephson medium. Similar filamentary superconductivity has been previously observed in high-tc superconductors 2005 25
McMillan s estimate for T c T c = {<ħ >/1.2k B } exp{1.04(1+ )/[ -μ*(1+0.62 )]} McMillan equation for T c vs. characteristic average phonon energy <ħ >, e-p coupling constant and Coulomb pseuodopotential μ* a)pdh x : μ* = 0.1, <ħ > ~ 58-105 mev, x eff = 1.35, = 0.643: T c ~ 18-40 K: b) Pd/PdO:H x : μ* = 0.1, <ħ > ~ 58-105 mev, x eff = 1.8, = 0.892: T c ~ 40-70 K 2005 26
Summary of results Pd:H x and Pd/PdO:Hx samples after H-cycling and annealing at T=573 K contain only condensed hydrogen phase inside deep dislocation cores: x=h/pd = (4-6) x 10-4 with respect to the sample. Inside dislocation nanotube x=h/pd ~ 1.4-1.8. Accordingly to SQUID measurements the H2-cycled PdHx single crystal sample demonstrates signature of a weak type II superconductivity, involving condensed hydrogen phase in deep dislocation cores [PdH x -Pd] below 30 K. Results of both magnetic and transport measurements in Pd/PdO:Hx are suggested superconducting transition below 70 K. Reproducible Meissner-effect was obtained at H 1.0 Oe in AC field (f = 1 khz): Type II 2-dimensional filamentary SC. 2005 27
Conclusions Deep dislocation cores in Pd could be considered as a H- dominant Pd hydride (x =H/Pd > 1.0) sites showing HTSC properties. On the way: Pd nanowires and Pd/PdO multilayer structures to increase SC volume fraction with respect to Pd matrix. Publications: A.G. Lipson, B.J. Heuser, C.H. Castano and A. Celic, Observation of a low field diamagnetic contribution to the magnetic susceptibility of deformed single crystals PdHx, Phys. Lett. A 339, 414-423 (2005). A.G. Lipson, B.J. Heuser, C. H. Castano, G.H. Miley, B.F. Lyakhov and A.V. Mitin, Transport and Magnetic Anomalies in a Hydrogen-Cycled Pd Foil with a Thermally-Grown Oxide Below 70 K, Phys. Rev. B 72, 082541 (2005). 2005 28
Conclusions and LENR connection Deep dislocation cores in Pd/PdO could be considered as a H/D-dominant Pd hydride (x =H/Pd ~ 2.0) sites suggesting HTS properties. Triggering of LENR at such sites should be easier than in regular lattice due to: - shortest DD-distance (close to Bohr radius) - highest D-loading and lattice compression - effective electron screening - large optic phonon energy (ħ D 100 mev) resulting in a most effective lattice-nuclei energy transfer. Metallic H/D superfluid suggests dramatic enhancement of quantum entanglement between deuterons at those sites 2005 29
Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the NSF under Grant No. DMR-9982520 and by New York Community Trust. The magnetic measurements were performed at the Frederick Seitz Material Research Laboratory at UIUC supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DEFG02-91- ER45439. Special thanks to Prof. A. Bezryadin (UIUC) and Prof. R. Prozorov (Univ. South Carolina) for useful comments. 2005 30