Chemistry Basics Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Energy the ability to do work Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant Slide 2.1
Composition of Matter Elements Fundamental units of matter of the body is made from four elements (C) (O) (H) (N) Atoms Building blocks of elements Slide 2.2
Atomic Structure Nucleus (p + ) Neutrons (n 0 ) Outside of nucleus (e - ) Figure 2.1 Slide 2.3
Chemical Reactions Atoms are by chemical bonds Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken Slide 2.8
Electrons and Bonding Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell ( shell) Full valence shells do not form bonds Slide 2.10
Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds Form when electrons are completely from one atom to another Slide 2.13
Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds Atoms become stable through electrons Figure 2.6c Slide 2.14
Polarity Covalent bonded molecules Some are Electrically neutral as a molecule Some are Have a positive and negative side Figure 2.7 Slide 2.16
Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonds chemical bonds Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule Provides attraction between molecules Slide 2.17
Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis reaction (A+Bà AB) Atoms or molecules combine Energy is for bond formation Decomposition reaction (ABà A+B) Molecule is broken down Chemical energy is Slide 2.18
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Figure 2.9a, b Slide 2.19
Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (ABà AC+B) Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made Slide 2.20
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Organic compounds Contain Most are bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 ( ) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Tend to be compounds Example: H 2 O ( ) Slide 2.21
Important Compounds Water Most abundant inorganic compounds Vital properties /solvent properties Chemical reactivity Slide 2.22
Important Inorganic Compounds Vital to many body functions Include which conduct currents Slide 2.23
Important Inorganic Compounds ph than 7 ph than 7 Neutralization reaction Acids and bases react to form water and a Slide 2.24
ph Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions ph 7 = neutral ph below 7 = ph above 7 = Figure 2.11 Slide 2.25
Important Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Contain, hydrogen, and Include and Classified according to Monosaccharides sugars Disaccharides two simple sugars joined Polysaccharides (starches) long branching of linked sugars Slide 2.26
Carbohydrates Figure 2.12a, b Slide 2.27
Important Organic Compounds Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen oxygen in water (non polar) Slide 2.29
Important Organic Compounds Common in the human body Neutral (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits Composed of and Source of stored Slide 2.30a
Important Organic Compounds Common lipids in the human body (continued) Phospholipids Form cell Include, bile salts, vitamin D, and some Slide 2.30b
Important Organic Compounds Made of acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,, and sometimes sulfur Account for over of the body s organic matter construction materials for body Act as,, and Slide 2.33a
Enzymes Act as biological Increase the of chemical reactions Figure 2.16 Slide 2.34
Important Organic Compounds Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil (only in RNA) Make and Slide 2.35
Important Organic Compounds Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c Slide 2.36
Important Organic Compounds Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by food fuels Slide 2.37
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.18a Slide 2.38
How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.19 Slide 2.39