Fig. 35-24 Other metabolism (18%) DNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Unknown (24%) Energy pathways (3%) Cell division and organization (3%) Transport (4%) Transcription (4%) Response to environment (4%) Protein metabolism (7%) Other cellular processes (17%) Other biological processes (11%)
Fig. 35-25 Plane of cell division (a) Planes of cell division Developing guard cells Unspecialized epidermal cell Guard cell mother cell (b) Asymmetrical cell division
Fig. 35-26 Preprophase bands of microtubules 10 µm Nuclei Cell plates
Fig. 35-27 Cellulose microfibrils Nucleus Vacuoles 5 µm
Fig. 35-28 2 mm 0.3 mm 2 mm (b) fass seedling (a) Wild-type seedling (c) Mature fass mutant
Fig. 35-29
Fig. 35-30
20 µm Fig. 35-31 Cortical cells
Fig. 35-32 Leaves produced by adult phase of apical meristem Leaves produced by juvenile phase of apical meristem
Fig. 35-33 Ca St Se Pe Pe Se (a) Normal Arabidopsis flower Pe Pe Se (b) Abnormal Arabidopsis flower
Fig. 35-34 Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis A gene activity A + B gene activity B + C gene activity C gene activity Carpel Petal Stamen Sepal Active genes: Whorls: B B B B A A C C C C A A Carpel Stamen Petal B B B B A A A A C C C C C C C C A A C C C C A A A B B A A B B A Sepal Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C (b) Side view of flowers with organ identity mutations
Fig. 35-34a Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis A + B gene activity B + C gene activity C gene activity Carpel Petal A gene activity Stamen Sepal
Fig. 35-34b Active genes: Whorls: B B B B B B B B A A A A A A C C C C A A C C C C C C C C A A C C C C A A A B B A A B B A Stamen Carpel Petal Sepal Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C (b) Side view of flowers with organ identity mutations
Fig. 36-10
Fig. 36-11 Cell wall Cytosol Vacuole Plasmodesma Vacuolar membrane Plasma membrane (a) Cell compartments Key Transmembrane route Apoplast Symplast Apoplast Symplast Symplastic route Apoplastic route (b) Transport routes between cells
Fig. 36-12 Casparian strip Pathway along apoplast Endodermal cell Pathway through symplast Casparian strip Apoplastic route Plasma membrane Symplastic route Root hair Vessels (xylem) Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Stele (vascular cylinder)
Fig. 36-13
Fig. 36-14 Cuticle Upper epidermis Xylem Mesophyll Air space Microfibrils in cell wall of mesophyll cell Lower epidermis Cuticle Stoma Microfibril (cross section) Water film Air-water interface
Water potential gradient Fig. 36-15 Xylem sap Outside air ψ = 100.0 Mpa Leaf ψ (air spaces) = 7.0 Mpa Leaf ψ (cell walls) = 1.0 Mpa Transpiration Xylem cells Mesophyll cells Stoma Water molecule Atmosphere Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Trunk xylem ψ = 0.8 Mpa Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Cohesion by hydrogen bonding Trunk xylem ψ = 0.6 Mpa Soil ψ = 0.3 Mpa Water uptake from soil Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water
Fig. 36-15a Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water uptake from soil Water
Fig. 36-15b Xylem cells Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Cohesion by hydrogen bonding
Fig. 36-15c Xylem sap Mesophyll cells Stoma Transpiration Water molecule Atmosphere
Fig. 36-16
Fig. 36-17 Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Cell wall Vacuole Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view) Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed K + (b) Role of potassium in stomatal opening and closing
Fig. 36-17a Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed Cell wall Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Vacuole Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view)
Fig. 36-17b Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed K + (b) Role of potassium in stomatal opening and closing
Fig. 36-19a Mesophyll cell Cell walls (apoplast) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Companion (transfer) cell Sieve-tube element Key Apoplast Symplast Mesophyll cell Bundlesheath cell Phloem parenchyma cell
Fig. 36-19b High H + concentration Proton pump H + Cotransporter S ATP H + H + Low H + concentration Sucrose S
Bulk flow by negative pressure Bulk flow by positive pressure Fig. 36-20 Vessel (xylem) Sieve tube (phloem) Source cell (leaf) 1 Loading of sugar 2 1 Sucrose 2 Uptake of water 3 Unloading of sugar Sink cell (storage root) 4 3 Sucrose 4 Water recycled
Fig. 36-21 EXPERIMENT 25 µm Sievetube element Sap droplet Stylet Sap droplet Aphid feeding Stylet in sieve-tube element Separated stylet exuding sap