Phoobiological Safey for DOMINANT LEDs Background The poenial phoobiological hazard of LEDs was iniially being assessed o be similar o laser in he laser safey sandard by European Sandard Organizaion. However, he assessmen does no ruly represen he LEDs because he radiances difference in boh LED and lasers led o differen applicaions as well as poenial eye hazard levels. The EN 60825 (equivalen o IEC 60825) sandard was hen furher revised o accommodae he issues. Finally, he LEDs were removed from he scope of IEC 60825-1:2007 and published as IEC 62471:2006 Phoobiological Safey of Lamps. The scope of his sandard applies o lamps and lamp sysems safey including he safey of luminaires. Hazard exposure limis (EL) Opical radiaion in general does no penerae very deeply ino biological issues. The blue ligh and infrared irradiaed from LED primarily affecs he eye and skin. Thus he poenial hazards for boh blue ligh and infrared are governed by following disinc exposure limis. a. Reinal blue ligh hazard exposure limi b. Blue ligh (small source) hazard exposure limis for he eye (cornea) c. Infrared radiaion hazard exposure limi for he eye (cornea) d. Reinal hermal hazard exposure limi e. Thermal hazard exposure limi for he skin a. Blue ligh hazard exposure limis For exposure ime 10 4 s, he maximum radiance from blue ligh shall no exceed he level defined by equaions below. 700 6 10 1 LB = Lλ ( λ, ) B( Δλ [ Wm sr ] (1) 300 For exposure ime > 10 4 s, he radiance is limied o a consan value: 700 1 = L B( Δλ 100 [ Wm sr ] L B 300 λ where L λ is he specral radiance in Wm -2 sr -1 nm -1, B λ is he blue ligh hazard weighing funcion, λ is he bandwidh in nm and in seconds. The maximum permissible exposure duraion, max for weighed source radiance, L B ha exceeding 100 Wm -2 sr -1 wihin 10 4 s is compued as follows: 10 6 max = [ s] (3) L B (2) -1- Ver G
1.0E+01 Specral efficacy 1.0E+00 1.0E 01 1.0E 02 R( 1.0E 03 B( 1.0E 04 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Wavelengh (nm) Figure 1: Blue ligh weighing hazard funcion B( and hermal weighing hazard funcion R( b. Blue ligh (small source) hazard exposure limis for he eye For blue ligh source wih size less han 0.011 radians, he EL derivaion for exposure ime 100 s can be simplified using specral irradiance: 700 100 EB = Eλ ( λ, ) B( Δλ [ Wm ] (4) 300 For exposure ime > 100s, he radiance is limied o a consan value: E B 700 = λ 300 e B( Δλ 1 [ Wm where E λ is he specral irradiance in Wm -2 sr -1 nm -1, B λ is he blue ligh hazard weighing funcion, λ is he bandwidh in nm and in seconds. For blue ligh source weigh irradiance, E B greaer han 0.01 Wm -2 wihin 100 s, he maximum allowable exposure duraion is calculaed as followed: 100 max = [ s] (6) E B ] (5) c. Infrared radiaion hazard exposure limis for he eye The exposure of infrared radiaion wihin 1000 s is resriced o: 3000 18000 E IR = Eλ Δλ [ Wm ] 0.75 780 (7) 2 Ver G
For ime > 1000 s, he irradiance becomes independen o duraion of exposure: E IR 3000 = E Δλ 100 [ Wm 780 λ where E λ is he specral irradiance in Wm -2 sr -1 nm -1, λ given in nm and in seconds. In cold environmens, he EL for > 1000 s is increased o 400 Wm -2 a 0 C and 300 Wm -2 a 10 C. ] (8) d. Reinal hermal hazard exposure limis Apparen ligh enering he pupil is focused by he cornea and lens. Then i is projeced a back of he eye where he reina lies and ha defines he opical irradiaion induced sressed region. The angular subsense, α a a viewing disance, d can be deermined by: 1 l + w α = [ rad ] (9) d 2 wih l and w are he lengh and widh of he source respecively. Since he size of he pupil changes wih he level of luminance, he effecive angular subsense, α eff of blue ligh a a given exposure duraion is lised in he able below. Wavelengh, λ (nm) Duraion, (s) α min,eff, γ FOV (rad) α max,eff, γ FOV (rad) 380-1400 0.25 0.0017 0.1 Blue Ligh (Addiional remarks) 0.25 < <10 0.0017 0.1 0.25 10 0.011 0.1 100 0.011 0.1 100 < < 10000 0.011 0.1 100 10000 0.1 0.1 Table 1: Limis of he angular subsense, α and measuremens field of view, γ FOV a differen ime range For irradiance measuremen, he angular subsense, α is defined by field of view, γ FOV given in equaion below. F α eff = γ FOV = [rad] (11) r where F is he size of he field sop and r is he disance source o deecor. The maximum EL o proec reinal from hermal injury is calculaed based on he inegraed specral radiance of he ligh source, L λ and weighing funcion, R(. The EL is a funcion of exposure ime, and angular subsense, α from he source in radians when 10 µs 10 s. 1400 50000 1 L R = Lλ R( Δλ [ Wm sr ] (12) α 0.25 380 3 Ver G
For longer exposure ime, > 10 s, he EL is defined by he near infrared range (weak visual simulus, 780 1400 nm) and limied o: 1400 6000 1 L IR = Lλ R( Δλ [ Wm sr ] (13) α 780 Cornea Ligh Source d Reina Figure 2: Angular subsense, α a a viewing disance, d. Apparen Source γ α Deecor /Aperure Sop Field Sop, F r Figure 3: Alernaive radiance measuremen echnique. e. Thermal hazard exposure limi for skin The highes EL of skin for 10s shall be limied o: 3000 20000 EH = Eλ ( λ, ) Δλ [ Jm 0.75 380 ] (12) where E λ is he specral irradiance in Wm -2 nm -1, λ given in nm and in seconds. For exposure longer han 10 s, EL is no provided because severe pain occurs before he skin can be damaged. 4 Ver G
Lamp Classificaion The following able, i summarizes he limis and poenial risk group classificaion of lamps consruced using blue ligh and infrared irradiaed LED. Risk Group Risk Group Risk Group 2 Hazard 1 (Moderae (No Hazard) (Low Risk) Risk) Reinal Blue Ligh L B < 100 L B < 10,000 L B < 4,000,000 Reinal Blue ligh, small source (α < 0.011 rad) Reinal hermal Risk Group 3 (High Risk) Uni Wm -2 sr -1 E B < 1.0 E B < 1.0 E B < 400 Wm -2 L R < 28000/ α Warning when L R < 28000/ L exceeded α R < 71000/ α limis of Risk Group 2 Wm -2 sr -1 L IR < 6000/ α L IR < 6000/ α L IR < 6000/ α Wm -2 sr -1 Reinal hermal, weak visual simulus (including non-gls source) IR radiaion E IR < 100 E IR < 570 E IR < 3200 Wm -2 Table 3: Emission limis for risks group of coninuous wave lamps. The hazard value for lamps inended for general ligh service (GLS) is repored a disance which produces a luminance of 500 lux. Meanwhile, he measuremen disance for oher ligh sources is fixed a 200 mm. The recommended conrol measure for each hazard risk groups is lised in he following able. Hazard Reinal Blue Ligh (300 700 nm) Reinal Blue ligh, small source Reinal hermal (380 1400 nm) Reinal hermal, weak visual simulus (780 1400 nm) IR radiaion (780 3000 nm) Risk Group (No Hazard) No required No required Risk Group 1 (Low Risk) No required Do no sare a operaing lamp. Use appropriae shielding for eyes Risk Group 2 (Moderae Risk) Do no sare a operaing lamp. May be harmful o he eyes. Do no sare a operaing lamp. Avoid eye exposure. Use appropriae shielding or eye proecion. Table 4: Recommended conrol measure for each hazard risk groups. Risk Group 3 (High Risk) Do no look a operaing lamp. May resul in eye injury. Do no look a operaing lamp. Avoid eye exposure. Use appropriae shielding or eye proecion. 5 Ver G
Analysis Majoriy of LED produce by Dominan is visible LED wih wavelengh specrum fall ino range from 400nm o 700nm. Thus by defaul here is no risk of UV or IR radiaion exposure from hese LED. The phoobiological risk of visible LED is hence confined o blue ligh hazard and reinal hermal hazard. Table below summarized he maximum brighness par number from each plaforms of LED produced in Dominan and heir respecive risk hazard classificaion. Blue Whie Plaform Par No. Maximum Luminous Flux [lm] Risk Hazard Plaform Par No. Maximum Luminous Flux [lm] Risk Hazard SPNova NPB JSG 27.0 RG1 SPNova NPW RSD 113.6 PowerDomi DWB LJG 2.7 Primax NAW BSG 39.8 Domi DDB HJS 1.3 PowerDomi DWW WJG 8.9 MiniDomi DNB DZJS 1.3 Domi DDW WJG 7.5 MuliDomi D6RTB HJD 1.2 MiniDomi DNW UJG 2.7 Spice SSB HLD 0.4 Spice SSW HLD 1.3 Throughhole LED L5B N1500 1.0 RG 1 Throughhole LED L5W N1500 4.0 RG 1 Primax NAB FSG 10.7 PrimaxPlus MAW YZHG 168 Table 5: Lis of LED wih he maximum brighness par number from each plaform. Summary Based on he measuremen resul, i is proven ha he wors case exposure scenario in Dominan visible LED produc range is classified under Risk Group 1 (Low Risk). However, his assessmen applies o he LED componens alone. For cusom applicaion ha involves module inegraion and secondary opics, power densiy would be one of he addiional facor o be considered ino he analysis. 6 Ver G
Appendix I LED Type SPNova BLUE Luminous flux 27.0 lm a I F = 350 ma, T = 25 C Peak Wavelengh 455 nm Color Blue Small Source Yes Peak Irradiance measured, E λ 1.134 Wm 2 a T = 25 C (Refer o char below) Risk Group Caegories for Coninuous Wave Risk Facor Risk Group Resul Acinic UV, E S (200 400 nm) ** Near UV, E UVA (315 400 nm) ** Blue Ligh, L B (300 700 nm) Risk Group 1 (Low Risk) Blue Ligh Small Source, E B (300 700 nm) Reinal Thermal, L R (380 1400 nm) Reinal Thermal Weak Simulus, L R (380 1400 nm) ** Infrared Radiaion for eye, L IR (780 3000 nm) ** **No emission in he wavelengh range of he lised risk caegory. Irradiance Profile a 200 mm 1.5 Irradiance vs. Angle of Incidence (Disance source o deecor =200 mm) 0 90 Irradiance (Wm 2) 1.0 0.5 0.0 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 Angle from cenral axis ( ) Specrum 1.4E 03 1.2E 03 Specral Radian Inensiy (Disance source o deecor = 200 mm ) Inensiy (Wsr 1nm 1) 1.0E 03 8.0E 04 6.0E 04 4.0E 04 2.0E 04 0.0E+00 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Wavelengh (nm) 7 Ver G
Appendix II LED Type DomiLED Luminous flux 7.5 lm a I F = 20 ma, T = 25 C Peak Wavelengh 445 nm Wavelengh measured 300 800 nm Color Whie Small Source No Peak Irradiance measured, E λ 0.074 Wm 2 a T = 25 C (Refer o char below) Risk Group Caegories for Coninuous Wave Risk Facor Risk Group Resul Acinic UV, E S (200 400 nm) ** Near UV, E UVA (315 400 nm) ** Blue Ligh, L B (300 700 nm) Blue Ligh Small Source, E B (300 700 nm) Reinal Thermal, L R (380 1400 nm) Reinal Thermal Weak Simulus, L R (380 1400 nm) ** Infrared Radiaion for eye, L IR (780 3000 nm) ** **No emission in he wavelengh range of he lised risk caegory. Irradiance Profile a 200 mm 0.10 Irradiance vs. Angle of Incidence (Disance source o deecor =200 mm) 0.08 ) 2 m 0.06 (W ce n ia 0.04 d Ira 0.02 0 90 Specrum 0.00 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 Angle from cenral axis ( ) 2.5E 05 Specral Radian Inensiy (Disance source o deecor = 200 mm ) 2.0E 05 Inensiy (Wsr 1 nm 1 ) 1.5E 05 1.0E 05 5.0E 06 0.0E+00 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Wavelengh (nm) 8 Ver G
Appendix III LED Type Through hole LED Luminous flux 1.0 lm a I F = 20 ma, T = 25 C Peak Wavelengh 465 nm Color Blue Small Source Yes Peak Irradiance measured, E λ 1.109 Wm 2 a T = 25 C (Refer o char below) Risk Group Caegories for Coninuous Wave Risk Facor Risk Group Resul Acinic UV, E S (200 400 nm) ** Near UV, E UVA (315 400 nm) ** Blue Ligh, L B (300 700 nm) Risk Group 1 (Low Risk) Blue Ligh Small Source, E B (300 700 nm) Reinal Thermal, L R (380 1400 nm) Reinal Thermal Weak Simulus, L R (380 1400 nm) ** Infrared Radiaion for eye, L IR (780 3000 nm) ** **No emission in he wavelengh range of he lised risk caegory. Irradiance Profile a 200 mm Specrum 9 Ver G
Appendix IV LED Type Through hole LED Luminous flux 4.0 lm a I F = 20 ma, T = 25 C Peak Wavelengh 460 nm Wavelengh measured 300 800 nm Color Whie Small Source Yes Peak Irradiance measured, E λ 0.756 Wm 2 a T = 25 C (Refer o char below) Risk Group Caegories for Coninuous Wave Risk Facor Risk Group Resul Acinic UV, E S (200 400 nm) ** Near UV, E UVA (315 400 nm) ** Blue Ligh, L B (300 700 nm) Risk Group 1 (Low Risk) Blue Ligh Small Source, E B (300 700 nm) Reinal Thermal, L R (380 1400 nm) Reinal Thermal Weak Simulus, L R (380 1400 nm) ** Infrared Radiaion for eye, L IR (780 3000 nm) ** **No emission in he wavelengh range of he lised risk caegory. Irradiance Profile a 200 mm Specrum 10 Ver G