ELECTROSEISMIC AND SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS OF ROCK SAMPLES IN A WATER TANK

ELECTROSEISMIC AND SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS OF ROCK SAMPLES IN A WATER TANK Zhny Zhu, Dn R. Bun, nd M. Nf Tköz Eh Ru Lby Dpmn f Eh, Amph, nd Pny Sn Mhu Inu f Thngy Cmbdg, MA 0139 ABSTRACT An mgn wv m wv n ndu m wv du h kn nvn bd n h dub y n fudud pu mdum. In h pp, w bv h u fd gnd und h d xd by n pu n w nk. Th m m wv mud n h w nk ym nfm h h dd m gn ndud n pu mp du h kn nvn. Th m nd m fquny-pn n B ndn nd Wy gn mp mud fquny ng f 15 khz 150 khz. Th xpmn mumn hw h h ff f h u, bkgund n, nd m m nvn pd vy y. W u h m nd m nmzd upng ffn n h k mp nd mp hm wh h h un. Th vn nd f h nmzd upng ffn n gmn wh h h pdn. Th mumn mhd n h pp ud b ud nvg h m nd m pp f pum xpn ppn. INTRODUCTION Th n dub y n h nf bwn d nd fud n fud-ud pu k (Mgn. (1989); Pd (1994); Pd nd Hn (1996)). Whn h fud n y, h mvb f hg. Whn m wv ppg n fudud pu k, h m wv gn v mvmn bwn h fud nd k mx. Cnquny, h mvng hg ndu n fd. Th fd w b n mgn wv whn h m wv ppg n nf whh n nnuu n u,, mhn pp (Mkhv. (000); Zhu nd Tköz (003, 005)). Th p d m nvn. On h h hnd, f h n fd n h w n h fud-ud pu k, h mvng hg n h fud u fud mvmn. Th v mvmn bwn d nd fud gn m wv. Th p d n m nvn. Th m nd 1

m nvn d h fud nduvy, k py, pmby, p z,. Sm nd m mumn md n Eh uf n bh my pvd nfmn bu h ubuf pp (Mkhv. (1997); Zhu nd Tköz (005)). Em by xpmn (Zhu. (1994, 1999); Rpp nd Mgn (00)) wh d yd nd bh md hwd h m wv ndud wh d bud n fud-ud fmn n bh. Dkmn. (005) dmnd h m upng ffn wh mp mumn n h by. Fd- m mumn (Thmpn (005); Thmpn. (005)) dd pb umun f nu g g. Th u dmnd dmnn f g nd dph f hn 1000 m. Rpp nd Mgn (00) udd h h fquny dpndny f m nvn n pu mdum nd dvd h fquny-dpndn m vg upng ffn: ( P(,) *+) & J # & # 1( ) ) J1( ) ) = $! $ ' 1! (1) ( V (,) % J () ) " % ) J () ) " wh % "# $ =! wh ΔP(ω) nd ΔV(ω) h m pu nd vg ngu fquny ω, ε h d nn, ξ h z pn, h p du, J h B funn, ρ nd η h fud dny nd vy, pvy. Th hy hw h h fquny-dpndn bhv f h m nvn funn f h p z. Th m nvn fm ngy m ngy d m mpn pp f h pu mdum, nudng p z, pmby, nd fud pp. Sud f m nvn mgh pvd nw mhd xp fmn pp wh nw pm dffn fm dn m uvy n w ggng. In h pp, w f bv h u fd gnd und d xd by hghvg pu. W hn mu h u fd wh nd whu k mp n w nk nfm h h m gn gnd n h pu mp. W mu h m pn n ndn nd gn h fqun f 15 khz-150 khz nd u h vg upng ffn. In h m mumn ym, w mu h m nvn n h k mp. Th mud m nd m nmzd upng ffn mpd wh h h un. ACOUSTIC FIELDS AROUND THE ELECTRODES T ndu n fd n fud-ud pu mdum, h d mu b n n wh h fud. Whn hgh-vg pu nnd h d, u wv gnd und h d du h hm ff ndud by h un nd hmdn f w mu. Th phy mhnm nvvd m ghnng nd

d hund dung m. Bu h ff ndud by h un fw n w, h u wv n d h hp nd m f h d. W bvd h u wv gnd by h ng d n m w nk n u by. Th xpmn up hwn n 3-D dgm (Fgu 1) nd n pn vw (Fgu 1b). Th ng d md fm b w wh 1. m nd dm nd 1.5 m ud dm. Th mvmn png f h hydphn (B & K8103).0 m/. Th u 500 V qu pu 6 µ n wdh. Fgu hw h u wvfm dd h hydphn mv ng h dffn dn wh p h d (n A, B, nd C n Fgu 1b). Fm h v m nd h wvfm vn n Fgu, w nfm h h w dffn f u wv gnd by h pv nd ngv d, pvy. I hud b nd h whn dng h wvfm, w u m dy vd h nfun xd by h u pu. Th mpud f h nfun bu 00 m hgh hn h u gn f n. N h h f v fm h pv d (Fgu ) ng hn fm h ngv d (Fgu b). Bu h w nk m, nnd gund wh n n hugh h p m h hd qupmn. Thf, h fd und h pv d hud b ng hn h und h ngv d. I mpn n h un ndu n u wv n fud, whh, n gn, n m nvn bwn nd u ng. I vy mpn phnmnn b w f n m mumn, n h ff my ng hn h gn f n h d fud mvmn n h p p. In yd md, w bv h m gn gnd und h d nd h nf du h m nvn. Fgu 3 hw yd md wh pxygud nd nd Lu bk. Fv f w d bud n h nd dffn dph. Eh d h w d h m dph wh.0 m png. Th f f d h nf bwn h nd nd Lu bk. Th d xd wh qu pu f 500 V n mpud, nd P wv ndu d h m wv h bm uf f h Lu bk. Th d nd md mmd n w nk. Fgu 3b hw fv u wvfm dd by h ndu whn h pu nnd h d dffn dph. Fm h v m n Fgu 3b, w h h w knd f u wv, ndd by w w. Th f wv v h m m (n h m f 0.038 m 0.05 m). Th nd wv h hgh mpud, nd v vyng m. Th f wv wh h m v m n u wv gnd h nf bwn nd nd Lu du h m nvn. Bu h fd ppg muh f vy hn n u wv, h ppgn m fm h d h nf n b gnd. A f h m wv nvd h nf, ppg hugh h Lu bk P wv vy, nd hn dd by h ndu. Thf, f h wv v h m m f 0.038 m, whh h v m n h Lu bk. Th nd v n Fgu 3b h dffn v m dpndng n h dph f h d. Th h nf h d, h h u wv v. Fm h v m w knw h h u wv gnd und h d, ppg hugh h w-ud gud nd nd h Lu bk, nd hn v h Lu bk' bm uf. Th xpmn u nfm h h w u 3

wv du m nvn. On ndud und h d nd hn ppg m wv n h md. Th h n nvd h nf bwn h nd nd h Lu bk. Bu h ffny f m nvn n nf w, h mpud f h nvd m wv wk. I vy mpn p h w m wv n ny uf m mumn. Th ppgn f h m wv gnd und h d h m h dn m uvy. ELECTROSEISMIC SIGNALS GENERATED IN POROUS ROCKS W nx nvg m gn n pu k mp n h w nk. Th mumn mu b md n g nugh nn p h m wv ndud n h k mp fm h wv gnd und h d nd ny fn fm h nn w. W ppy ng n bu wh hgh vg (150V-180V) h u. Th n fquny f h u v fm 15 khz 150 khz n d nvg h fquny-dpndn f h m nvn n k. Th hgh vg u w nfun h wk m gn dd wh hydphn. If nnuu n wv w ppd h u, hwv, h nfun wud b ng w x n h m gn f n. Fgu 4 hw h w-nk mumn ym n u by. Th d md f v mh 5.5 m by 5.5 m wh 50 m png nd d n h mdd f h nk. Th pv nd ngv u d nn h upu f pw mpf pvd h u gn. A hydphn (B & K 8103) d bhnd h ngv u d vd h nfun f h pv u d n h hydphn. Rk mp.5 m hk pd n h pv u d. Tw p pn mumn d (V+ nd V-) pd n h w d f h mp d h vg h mp. Th p-w nduvy und 0.3-0.8 ms/m. Th dn (n hwn n Fgu 4) fm h hydphn h d f h w nk bu 9 m. Fgu 5 hw h u fd n h mumn ym dffn n fqun whu ny k mp. F, w d h ng u nfun, wh n fquny v wh h u fquny nd wh mpud muh g hn h h gn. Fm h v m, w n dmn h h h u v gn fm h pv ngv u d w h fn fm h bk d w (hwn n Fgu 4). W p h dffn mp h pn hwn n Fgu 4 nd d h u fd gnd by n pu wh 100 khz n fquny nd 150 V n mpud. Fgu 6 hw h u wvfm wh Lu, Aumnum, B ndn, mn, nd Cnn ndn mp, w wh n mp. Th pm f h m d n Tb 1. Th d wh n mp pn hwn, nd h u wv gnd by h pv nd ngv d n b n ( 1). Fm h h, w n h h wv gnd und h pv d v hn n 1 bu h P-wv 4

v f h mp hgh hn h w vy. Th mpud dpnd n h nmn ffn bwn h mp nd w. Aund 0.16 m (Fgu 6), w bv h m gn n 4, 5, nd 6, ndud n h pu k mp du h m nvn n h pu k. N gn und 0.16 m dd n 3 nd 4 bu Lu nd umnum nn-pu nd mpmb m. Tb 1: Th pm f k mp Smp nm Dny (g/m^3) P-vy (m/) S-vy (m/) Py (%) B ndn.098 590 1770 19.9 Cnn ndn 1.819 790 1800 7.7 Lmn.355 3480 460 9.6 Wy gn.606 4150 570 0.8 In d nfm h h u wv dd 0.16 m h m gn ndud n h k mp by m nvn, w p h B ndn mp bwn h u d nd mv h mp wd h pv d (Fgu 7). Fgu 7b hw h u wvfm whn h mp mv nmny. W n u h v m f h m gn fm h gmy f h mumn ym. Th mpud nd v m f h m gn vy ny wh h mp n. Th h png bwn h mp nd h pv u d, h hgh h mpud. Th ppn vy ud fm h p n h wvfm v h w vy f 1480 m/. Th d n nd nk fn d n hng dung h mp mvmn. Th xpmn nfm h m gn n b ndud n u mumn ym nd pd fm h u wv und h d nd h nfun f h u. W my ppy u xpmn ym mu h m nvn wh h dffn k mp nd u h m vg upng ffn. Th fquny dpndn f h vg upng ffn mgh b ppd udy h p z f h k mp. ELECTROSEISMIC VOLTAGE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS W ndu h m mumn n h w nk ym (Fgu 4) wh B ndn nd Wy gn mp. Fgu 8 hw h m wvfm dd wh ndn (Fgu 8) nd gn (Fgu 8b) und h m nmzd. In h d, h nfun f h u nudd hw h u fqun nd h hgh mpud mpd wh h m gn. In Fgu 8, h u wv dd bwn 0.3 m 0.4 m ndud n B ndn du h m nvn. In Fgu 8b, h nvn pdu wk gn hgh fqun du h py nd pmby f Wy gn bng muh w hn ndn. Fgu 9 d h u gn h mp f B ndn (Fgu 9) nd Wy gn (Fgu 9b). Th mpud f h fd h mp dffn, bu h v ph dn. Th mn h h f h k mp 5

quvn pu n. Th ph hf f h wv dffn fqun du h ph h f h pw mpf, whh pvd h hgh vg u. Whn w mu h m gn n Fgu 8, h gn p hugh 60-dbpmpf. W n dmn h fquny pn f h pmpf wh ndd funn gn nd dg p. Thn w my h mpud dd n Fgu 8. Th mpud (ΔP(ω)) f h m gn nd h vg dffn (ΔV(ω)) h mp n b dmnd fm Fgu 8 nd 9, hn w u h m vg upng ffn (ΔP(ω)/ ΔV(ω)) h dffn fqun. Fgu 10 hw h nmzd m vg upng ffn n B ndn (Fgu 10) nd Wy gn (Fgu 10b) fqun f 15 khz 150 khz. In h fgu w hw h h u ud by Eq. 1, umng h p du f ndn nd gn 80 µm (Fgu 10) nd 0 µm (Fgu 10b), pvy. In h h un, 3 ρ 1000 kg m, ξ 80 mv, nd η f w vy 8.9" 10!4 P. Cmpng h xpmn u wh h h un, w h h vn nd f h m vg upng ffn dn. W w h pk n h xpmn upng ffn (ΔP(ω)/ΔV(ω)) dffn fqun (Fgu 10). Th p z n k n ng vu. Th w h pk n h upng ffn ky du h dffn dbun f p z n h pu k. SEISMOELECTRIC SIGNALS GENERATED IN POROUS ROCKS Bd n h pnp f h m nd m nvn, w knw h w ff vb. An un n ndu m wv n pu k mp. A m wv n ndu fd n h m k mp. T bv h vb phnmnn, w ndu h m mumn wh h m up n h w nk nd wh h m k mp. Fgu 11 hw h up f h m mumn. A pw hydphn (Md LC-34, C Ind., In.) ud f h u u nd xd wh h m ng n bu pu h w ppd h u n h m mumn. Th h hydphn (B & K 8103) n h k mp d h u fd und h mp. Tw pn mumn d d h vg (V1 nd V) h mp, whh ndud by h un du h m nvn n h mp. N fd n b ndud n w nk f h n pu mdum. Hwv n u xpmn, vn whn h n pu mdum n h w nk, h mumn d d n nd h nn f h hgh-vg u wh h n qupmn n h by. Fgu 1 hw h ung gn whn h u hydphn xd by h ng n bu h dffn n fqun wh k mp pn. Th h bkgund n n u m mumn ym. W d gn gnd wh h dffn mp, whn h u hydphn xd wh n pu wh 100 khz n fquny. Fgu 13 hw h u fd n h mp ( 1), h fd whu ny mp ( ), nd h fd wh h mp f Lu p ( 3), umnum p ( 4), mn ( 5), nd B 6

ndn ( 6). Th u wv ( 1) dd by h mumn hydphn (B & K 8103). Th gn dd wh h mumn d (V1). Cmpng h gn n -6 wh h u wv ( 1), w nn ny m gn n h Lu nd umnum mp ( 3-4), bu w gn n 5-6, wh v m h m h u wv n 1. Th mumn hw h m nvn n pu k mp. Nx w ndu m xpmn nfm h h gn ndd gnd by h u wv n h k mp. Whn h B ndn nd h d mv n h w nk (Fgu 14), w d h gn wh n (V1) f h pn mumn d (Fgu 14b). Th mpud f h gn n Fgu 14b mn nn wh h ppn vy qu h w vy f 1480 m/. Bd n h v m nd h dn bwn h u hydphn nd h k mp, w nfm h h gn gnd by h u wv ppgng h k fwd by h m nvn n h k mp. W mu h m gn n h B ndn nd Wy gn n h ym hwn n Fgu 11. Fgu 15 hw h u fd n h B ndn (Fgu 15) nd Wy gn (Fgu 15b) gnd by h u hydphn h dffn fqun. Fgu 16 hw h gn dd wh h mumn d V1 (bu) nd V (bk) h B ndn (Fgu 16) nd Wy gn (Fgu 16b). W d h ng nfun f h u bf 0. m n Fgu 16. Th ph f h nfun h mp dn, nd h mpud ghy dffn. Th m gn f V1 (bu) nd V (bk) dd und h v m f h u u wv (und 0.3 m n Fgu 16 nd und 0.6 m n Fgu 16b). Th m gn dd mp n fquny hv h m mpud nd h pp ph. Th phnmnn hw h h gn ndud nd h k mp du m nvn. Th pu k quvn n u wh h m pn nd pp pzn h k, nd gnd by h u fd vyng fqun. Bu h py f h gn mp (0.8%) muh hn B ndn (19.9%), h mpud f h m gn n h gn wk hn n B ndn. Bd n h u mpud (ΔP(ω)) n Fgu 15 nd h mpud f h m gn (ΔV(ω)) n Fgu 16 h dffn fqun, w n u h nmzd m upng ffn (ΔV(ω)/ ΔP(ω)). Fgu 17 hw h m upng ffn n B ndn (Fgu 17) nd Wy gn (Fgu 17b) n h fqun fm 15 khz 150 khz, gh wh h h u ud wh Equn 1. Th xpmn u wh B ndn n Fgu 17 hw h m vn h h upng ffn. Th m dffn bwn h xpmn nd h u n Fgu 17b du h m mpud f m gn. 7

CONCLUSIONS Bu n u gn gnd by h un und d, vy mpn p h u wv fm ny m gn d pu mdum mumn. W h bkgund n n h mumn ym, nd pu h dffn mp vy f dn fm h u nfm h h dd gn bd n h m nd m nvn. Th m nd m gn n b ffvy pd fm hug u nfun nd h bkgund n. W nvg h m nd m nvn n dffn k mp wh u w nk mumn ym n h fquny ng fm 15 khz 150 khz. In h m xpmn, h fd gnd by ng n pu ndu m wv n w-ud pu k mp. In h m xpmn, h m wv gnd by hydphn xd wh h m ng n pu ndu n gn n h mp. W mu h fquny pn f h m nd m nvn nd mpd hm wh hy pdd upng ffn. Th mumn u hw h pb nhp bwn h p z nd h fqunydpndn upng ffn. Th xpmn nd mumn ym pvd mhd fuh nvg h pp f m nd m nvn n k mp, uh h nhp bwn h nvn nd fud nduvy, mpu, PH vu,. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS W wud k hnk Pf. D. Mgn nd D. P. Rpp f h vub uggn nd ufu mmn. Th wk w uppd by h Eh Ru Lby Bh nd Au Lggng Cnum nd Fundng Mmb Cnum. REFERENCES Dkmn, H., E. Hbzhm, nd A. Kuhnk, 005, Dmnn f kn upng ffn: 75h Annu Innn Mng, SEG, Expndd Ab, 561-564. Mkhv, O. V., M. W. Hn, nd M. N. Tköz, 1997, Em nvgn f h hw ubuf: Fd mumn nd num mdng: Gphy, 6 97-105. Mkhv, O. V., J. Qun, nd M. N. Tköz, 000, Ung bh m mumn d nd hz fud (pmb) zn: Gphy, 65, 1098-111. Mgn, F. D., E. R. Wm, nd T. R. Mddn, 1989, Smng pn pp f Wy gn wh ppn: Jun f Gphy Rh, 94, 1449-1461. Pd, S., 1994, gvnng qun f h upd mgn nd u f pu md: Phy. Rv. B, 50, 15678-15696. Pd, S. R., nd M. W. Hn, 1996, Em wv pp: J. Au. S. Am., 100, 1301-1315. 8

Rpp, P. M., nd F. D. Mgn, 00, Fquny-dpndn m: J. f Cd nd Inf Sn, 54, 37-383. Thmpn, A. H., 005, Emgn--m nvn: ufu dvpmn ugg vb ppn n xpn nd pdun: 75h Annu Innn Mng, SEG, Expndd Ab, EM.5, 554-556. Thmpn, A. H., S. Hnb, J. Bun, T. Muy, R. Rhk, J. Wd, P. MCmmn, J. Sumn, G. Hk, M. Bxby, W. R, B. Wh, M. Zhu, nd P. Pzk, 005, Fd f m hydbn dn: 75h Annu Innn Mng, SEG, Expndd Ab, EM.8, 565-568. Zhu, Z., C. H. Chng, nd M. N. Tköz, 1994, Ekn nvn n fud-ud pu k mp: 64h Annu Innn Mng, SEG, Expndd Ab, SL1.1, 1057-1060. Zhu, Z., M. W. Hn, nd M. N. Tköz, 1999, Expmn ud f kn nvn n fud-ud bh md: Gphy, 64, 1349-1356. Zhu, Z. nd M. N. Tköz, 003, Ch m mumn n bh md: Gphy, 68, 1519-154. Zhu, Z. nd M. N. Tköz, 005, Sm nd mmgn mumn n fud bh md: Gphy, 70, F45-F51. 9

Fgu 1: Shm dgm f m mumn n w nk (Fgu 1). Th ng d md fm b w. An pu qu pu wh 50 V n mpud nd 6 µ n wdh ppd h d pd by 10 m. A hydphn f Typ B & K 8103 mv ng h n A, B, nd C (Fgu 1b) d h u wv. 10

Fgu : Sm wvfm dd n h w nk (Fgu 1) whn h hydphn mv ng Ln A (), Ln B (b), nd Ln C (). Tw u wv wh dffng mpud ndud und h pv nd ngv d, pvy. () 11

(b) Fgu 3: A yd md wh pxy-gud nd nd Lu bk ud wh p w f 0.7 ms/m n nduvy (Fgu 3). Fv p f h d bud n h nd. An qu pu wh 500 V n mpud nd 6 µ n wdh ppd h d nd n u P wv ndu d h m wv n h bm uf f h Lu bk. Em wvfm (Fgu 3b) dd wh h ndu whn h d dffn dph xd. Tw w nd w m wv. Th f, gnd h nf, v h m m (0.038 m 0.05 m). Th nd, gnd h d, v dffn m. 1

Fgu 4: Shm dgm f m mumn n w nk. A ng n bu f 150V-180V n vg nd 15 khz-150 khz n fquny x h u d. Th mumn d d h pn h mp, nd hydphn f Typ B & K 8103 mu h u fd n h w nk. n g m E 16 14 1 10 8 6 4 Sgn whu ny mp n w nk Ngv d (<0.05m) Su nfun Pv d (0.35m) Rfn fm w 150kHz 140kHz 10kHz 100kHz 90kHz 70kHz 50kHz 30kHz 0kHz 18kHz 15kHz 1kHz 10kHz 7kHz 5kHz 0 0 0.01 0.0 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 Tm (m),=0,nmzd=00 13

Fgu 5: Au fd h dffn fqun dd by h hydphn n h w nk whu ny mp. Th w nd h pn f n: h u nfun, u wv gnd by h pv ngv d, nd h fn fm h w nk w. n g m E 7 6 5 4 3 Cnn SS Lmn B SS Aumnum Lu Au wv 1 mpy Ngv Pv 0 d d Sd f. Bk f. 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.0 0.05 0.03 0.035 0.04 Tm (m), =0u,nnzd 80 Fgu 6: Au wvfm whn h mp Lu ( ), umnum ( 3), B ndn ( 4), mn ( 5), nd Cnn ndn ( 6) mp (p). Th u ng n pu wh n fquny f 100 khz. T 1 h u wv whu ny mp. () 14

(b) 3 ( n g m E 7 6 5 4 3 1 Em wvfm B ndn 1480m/ S=4 m S=7 m S=10 m S=13 m S=16 m S=19 m Ngv Pv 0 d d Sd f. Bk f. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Tm (m), =0u, f=100khz,nnzd 00 Fgu 7: hm dgm (Fgu 7) f m mumn ym whn B ndn mp mv bwn h u d. Th pn f h mp 19 m fm h pv d nd mv n nmn f 3 m. Th hydphn d h u fd (Fgu 7b). Th w nd h n n h w nk nd h png n hw h m gn. Th ppn vy bd n h n p qu h w vy. 15

n g () 1 ELm wvfm n B ndn B ndn 150kHz 10kHz m E 10 8 6 4 100kHz 80kHz 65kHz 50kHz 40kHz 30kHz 5kHz 0kHz 18kHz 15kHz 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Tm (m), nmzd 100 n g m E (b) 1 10 8 6 4 ELm wvfm n Wy gn Wy gn 150kHz 10kHz 100kHz 80kHz 65kHz 50kHz 40kHz 30kHz 5kHz 0kHz 18kHz 15kHz 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Tm (m), nmzd 100 Fgu 8: Em wvfm dd wh h B ndn (Fgu 8) nd Wy gn (Fgu 8b) mp n h w nk fquny ng fm 15 khz 150 khz. Th wvfm wh hug mpud bf 0.3 m h u nfun. 16

Fgu 9: E gn dd wh mumn d f V+ (bk) nd V- (bu) n B ndn (Fgu 9) nd Wy gn (Fgu 9b). Th ph f h vg V+ nd V- dn. 17

p u C 3.5 Nmzd Vg Cupng Cff. n B ndn g V d z m N 3.5 1.5 Thy, =80um V mud 1 10 50 75 100 150 Fquny (khz) p u C g V d z m N 4.5 4 3.5 3.5 1.5 1 Nmzd Vg Cupng Cff. n Wy gn Thy, =0um V mud 0.5 10 50 75 100 150 Fquny (khz) Fgu 10: Nmzd m vg upng ffn (ΔP(ω)/ΔV(ω)) mud n B ndn (Fgu 10) nd Wy gn (Fgu 10b). Th h vg upng ffn ud wh h p du f 80 µm (Fgu 10) nd 0 µm (Fgu 10b). 18

Fgu 11: Shm dgm f h m mumn n w nk. A ng n bu wh 150V-180V n vg nd 15 khz-150 khz n fquny x h u hydphn (Md LD-34). Th mumn d d h pn h mp. A mumn hydphn f Typ B & K 8103 pd n h mp mu h u u wv vng h mp. 19

E gn whu ny mp n g S E 1 10 8 6 4 150kHz 10kHz 100kHz 80kHz 65kHz 50kHz 40kHz 30kHz 5kHz 0kHz 18kHz 15kHz 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 Tm (m), nmzd 00 Fgu 1: Bkgund n whu ny mp, dd by h mumn d V1 n Fgu 11. Th fquny ng fm 15 khz 150 khz. 0

d n 7 6 5 4 Sm gn n mp B ndn Lmn Aumnum u A 3 1 Au wv Lu bk Whu mp 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Tm (m), =0u, f=100khz,nnzd 100 Fgu 13: Au wvfm ( 1) n h mp nd h wvfm whu ny mp ( ), whn h mp Lu ( 3), umnum ( 4), mn ( 5), nd B ndn ( 6). () (b) 1

3 ( n g m S (b) 7 6 5 4 3 1 Sm gn 1480 m/ 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Tm (m), =0u, f=100khz,nnzd 400 Fgu 14: Shm dgm (Fgu 14) f m mumn ym whn B ndn mp wh h mumn d mv n h u fd. Th mumn d V1 d h gn (Fgu 14b). Th png n nd h m gn, wh ppn vy bd n h n p qu h w vy f 1480 m/. v w u 1 10 8 () B ndn Su u wvfm 150kHz 10kHz 100kHz 80kHz 65kHz 50kHz u S 6 4 40kHz 30kHz 5kHz 0kHz 18kHz 15kHz 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Tm (m)

v w u 1 10 8 (b) Wy gn Su u wvfm 150kHz 10kHz 100kHz 80kHz 65kHz 50kHz u S 6 4 40kHz 30kHz 5kHz 0kHz Sd f. 18kHz 15kHz 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0. 0.5 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Tm (m) Fgu 15: Au wvfm n h k mp f B ndn (Fgu 15) nd Wy gn (Fgu 15b) gnd by h u hydphn h fquny ng fm 15 khz 150 khz. 3

Fgu 16: E gn dd wh h mumn d V1 (bu) nd V (bk) h B ndn (Fgu 16) nd Wy gn (Fgu 16b) h fqun fm 15 khz 150 khz. Th u nfun bf 0. m hv h m ph, bu h m gn f V1 (bu) nd V (bk) hv pp ph (und 0.3 m n Fgu 16). g n p u C E - S d z m N 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0. 0.1 Thy, =80um S-E CC mud 0 10 50 75 100 150 Fquny (khz) 4

g n p u C E - S d z m N 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0. 0.1 Thy, =15um S-E CC mud 0 10 50 75 100 150 Fquny (khz) Fgu 17: Sm upng ffn (ΔV(ω)/ ΔP(ω)) n B ndn (Fgu 17) nd Wy gn (Fgu 17b) h fqun fm 15 khz 150 khz, nd h h upng ffn ud wh h p du f 80 µm (Fgu 17) nd 15 µm (Fgu 17b). 5