Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Note-taking Guide Preview to Photosynthesis glucose, reectlons, light-dependent, Calvin cycle, thylakoid, oxygen, light-harvesting, two, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, photosystem /I, stroma, chemical most important chemical equation for life in our planet is: Carbon dioxide + Water Energy Sugar+, a process that takes place in the leaf of plants, practically powers our whole planet! process occurs in a series of complex In green plants, photosynthesis occurs in the Chloroplasts contain stacks of the of leaves. membranes in a fluid matrix called Thylakoid membranes are embedded with important complexes containing chlorophyll molecules, called photosystem I and. process of photosynthesis occurs in of a chloroplast. main stages, and in two different parts first stage includes the reactions, which occur in the thylakoids of a chloroplast. In these reactions, energy from light is converted to second stage consists of the stroma of a chloroplast. Calvin cycle produces reactions. that takes place in the fluidic that stores energy produced by the light Photosynthesis - Light-dependent Reactions oxygen light reaction proton chemiosmosis, hydrogen, electron NADPH, A TP, transport chain, by-product, excited, water, glucose 2011 Edumatics Corporation 1
When light energy reaches photosystem II, it causes an leave the photosystem. To replace the electron lost by the chlorophyll molecule, a to get excited and molecule is split. This water splitting reaction releases two electrons, two ions and an atom, which quickly combines with another oxygen atom to form a molecule of oxygen gas. excited electron is then transported down an electron photosystem II to photosystem I, to fill an electron "gap" in photosystem I. from This electron gap is created when light energy reaches an electron in photosystem I and causes it to get and leave. gap is then filled in by the excited electron from photosystem II. During the, electrons are excited and replaced continuously in this manner. This excited electron is transferred down another electron transport chain. Electrons transported this way are eventually added to NADP+ to produce This is used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize Meanwhile, the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid interior space create a gradient. cell uses the energy in this gradient to drive the production of help of an enzyme ATP synthase, in a process called from ADP, with the To sum up, the light reactions produce ATP and NADPH that are used in the Calvin cycle. Oxygen is a of these reactions. Photosynthesis - Calvin Cycle organic, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, A TP synthase, energy, NADPH. Calvin cycle, glucose, stroma, two In contrast to the light-dependent reactions, the does not require light. Molecules of molecules already present in the enter the cycle, and are incorporated into organic of a chloroplast. 2011 Edumatics Corporation 2
cycle proceeds through a series of reactions that ultimately give rise to sugars that join to form a 6-carbon molecule. 3-carbon compound is then returned to the cycle. ----from ATP is used to drive some of the reactions, converting ATP back to ADP. Molecules of ADP are returned to Electrons and reactions., to be converted back into ATP. ions from NADPH are also incorporated into these This converts the to NADP+ molecules which are once again available to accept new high-energy electrons from photosystem I. Cellular Respiration pyruvate, fermentation protein, carbon dioxide, cytoplasm, respiration, inner membranes, aerobic, ion, chemiosmosis, mitochondria, carbon, hydrogen, energy, Kreb's cycle, electrons, cytoplasm, oxygen, water, reactions, chemical, anaerobic, A TP synthase Glucose is used up by plant and animal cells to provide broken down, with the help of. Glucose is, to release carbon dioxide, water, and process of cellular transfers chemical energy from glucose to molecules of ATP that provide energy for cellular processes. Like photosynthesis, series of cellular respiration does not proceed in a single step. It is also a complex that happen in stages. process occurs in the cytoplasm and -- of plant and animal cells. main stages of cellular respiration are: Glycolysis citric acid cycle, also known as the Electron transport and Glycolysis occurs in the 3-carbon ATP from ADP. of a cell. splitting of 6-carbon glucose into molecules releases energy which drives a reaction that forms 2011 Edumatics Corporation 3
In the Kreb's cycle, which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix to go through a series of reactions that result in the loss of atoms. se carbon atoms are combined with oxygen and are released as ' se reactions also remove which are carried by electron acceptor molecules NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. energy released by breaking down pyruvate is used to drive a reaction that forms ATP from ADP. Mitochondria are filled with folds of complexes embedded in these membranes.. Electron transport occurs in Electrons harvested from the breakdown of glucose are sent through an electron transport chain and their energy is used to pump H+ ions from one side of the membrane to another, forming an gradient. As with photosynthesis, energy in the ion gradient is used to form ATP from ADP by chemiosmosis, with the help of. This stage produces the bulk of the ATP molecules formed during cellular respiration. Meanwhile, the electrons from the electron transport chain combine with ions in the mitochondrial matrix, and an oxygen atom, to form a molecule of This form of cellular respiration, in the presence of oxygen is called respiration. Sometimes, as in the case of strenuous exercise, muscle cells don't get enough oxygen. At these times, the process of cellular respiration ends with the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate molecules in the This is called respiration or lactic acid. It yields only two ATP molecules, far less than aerobic respiration. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration products, photosynthesis, releases, reactants, light, cellular respiration, energy se two cell processes, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, provide chemical for nearly all of Earth's organisms. 2011 Edumatics Corporation 4
of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration, and the of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. In, small inorganic molecules are converted to complex organic molecules. In, complex organic molecules are broken down to form simple inorganic molecules. Photosynthesis cannot occur without the input of energy from. On the other hand, cellular respiration 2011 Edumatics Corporation 5