What is Matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). Chemistry is the study of matter s properties & how it changes. Examples Air Water Copper Aluminum Plastic Jupiter (the planet) Earth Bacteria You! Non-Examples Gravitational force Magnetic force Electricity Light Sound Wind Heat Love Ideas
The Particle Theory of Matter 1) All matter is made of extremely tiny particles 2) All pure substances are made up of their own kind of particle 3) All particles are moving 4) Particles at higher temperature move faster than those at lower temperature 5) Particles are attracted to each other.
1) What is matter made of? Elements cannot be broken down into any other substance by either a physical or chemical change. Atoms are the smallest possible particle of an element.
1) What is matter made of? A Compound is made up of two or more elements that are combined chemically. The smallest possible particle of a compound is called a molecule.
1) What is matter made of? Atoms and Molecules: Molecules are made up of groups of atoms. How many atoms are in each of these molecules? (p.98 in your textbook) C=1 O=2 3 total Formula = CO2 H=2 O=1 3 total Formula = H2O O=2 2 total Formula = O2 N=1 H = 3 2 total Formula = NH3
2) What is a pure substance? Elements can only be broken down through a nuclear change. Compounds can only be broken down through a chemical change. Elements and compounds are considered pure substances Because they cannot be broken down physically.
2) What is a pure substance? Because you cannot have half of an atom Elements always combine into compounds according to a set ratio. This is known as the law of constant proportion.
3) How does matter move? The atoms and molecules of solids vibrate very quickly in place. The atoms and molecules of liquids flow around each other The atoms and molecules of gases fly around at large distances.
SOLID LIQUID GAS
4) What happens to matter when it is heated? ADDED HEAT INCREASED ENERGY/SPEED
5) How do particles attract? Atoms are held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are held together by electrostatic forces.
Mixtures A Mixture is made of two or more substances (elements OR compounds) that are combined physically. Components of mixtures can be combined in ANY ratio. They can be separated by a physical change.
Mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures have visible separate parts that can be easily separated by moving the parts around. (hetero = different) Homogenous mixtures are combined so smoothly that you cannot see the separate parts. However, they can still be separated through a physical change. (homo = same)
Types of Mixtures Homogenous Heterogeneous Homogenous Mixtures Which of these foods are heterogeneous and which are homogeneous? (p. 100) Homogenous
Separating Mixtures (p.101) Distillation Evaporation Remember! Changes of state can be used to separate mixtures because each substance has a different boiling or melting point.
Separating Mixtures (p.101) Filtration Magnetism Ink (and other pigments) can be separated by Chromatography
Properties of Matter Complete the Venn diagram with the properties of water from a glacier and from a geyser.(p. 93 in your textbook) Hard Solid Cold Slow moving Made of water White/Clear Freezes at 32F Boils at 212F Boiling Liquid Steam Hot Fast moving
Properties of Matter Characteristics that describe matter are called properties. Physical properties can be observed without changing matter into another substance. Chemical properties describe matter s ability (or inability) to change into another substance.
Examples of physical properties Shape Size Color Texture Density Mass Volume State of Matter - Solid - Liquid - Gas - Plasma Freezing point Boiling point Hardness Flexibility (malleability) Luster (shininess) Conductivity - Electrical - thermal
Review: measuring physical properties Property Definition Units Mass Volume Density The amount of matter in a substance The amount of space an amount of matter occupies The mass of a substance per unit volume (mass divided by volume) Grams (g) Liters (L) Cubic centimeters (cm^3) g/l g/cm^3
Review: measuring physical properties (p.103) Mass: Use the first scale to estimate the mass of the fish on the other scales.
Review: measuring physical properties (p.104) Mass: What is the mass of each object, measured in kilograms? 0.150 16.00 0.390 0.003
Review: measuring physical properties (p.105) Volume: What is the volume of the suitcase? LxWxH 62,802 cm
Review: measuring physical properties (p.105) Measuring Irregular Objects One way to measure the volume of an irregular object is to submerge it in liquid in a graduated cylinder. If the original liquid level for this cylinder was 15 ml, what is the volume of the rock? 20mL-15mL = 5 ml
Review: measuring physical properties (p.106) Density Liquids can form layers based on density. Which colored layer of liquid represents: 1) Water: 1.g/ml, 2) Honey: 1.36 g/ml, 3) Dish Soap: 1.03 g/ml, 4) Corn Syrup: 1.33 g/ml, 5) Vegetable oil: 0.91 g/ml?
Examples of Chemical Properties Ability to Burn (flammability) Rust Tarnish Sour Ferment Oxidize Act as an acid Act as a base REACT!
Examples of Chemical Properties Ability to Tarnish (silver) Ability to rust (iron) Ability to burn, aka: flamability Ability to spoil, aka: perishability
Changes of Matter A Physical Change alters the appearance or state of matter, but does not change it into a new substance. The physical and chemical properties of the substance remain the same. A Chemical Change produces new substances with different physical and chemical properties than before.
Examples of Physical Change Changes of State Melting Boiling Evaporation Sublimation Deposition Changes of Shape or Position Crushing Breaking Cutting Mixing Dissolving Separating ADDED HEAT Remember: Adding heat changes the state of the substance, but not the identity.
Examples of Chemical Change Change Description Example Combustion Electrolysis Oxidation Tarnishing Rapid combination of fuel with oxygen. Produces heat, light, & a new substance Use of electricity to break a compound into elements Slow combination of a substance with oxygen. Slow combination of a metal with sulfur or another substance, producing a dark coating. Campfire Gasoline engine Making hydrogen from water Rusting iron gate Rotting banana Aging Tarnished silver Tarnished brass (statue of liberty)
Formation of a solid Chemical Change: How can you tell? Drastic color change Formation of a gas
Chemical Change: How can you tell? Production of sound/light (explosion) Foul smell (odor) Production of heat/light Reduction of heat
Compounds From Elements What are the properties of copper, sulfur, and copper sulfide? (p. 99) Shiny Bendable Metal Yellow Brittle Non-metal Powdery Yellow Brittle Hard Salt Remember: Combining substances CHEMICALLY creates a NEW substance with NEW properties.