Weather Modification Activities in the Colorado River Basin. Mohammed Mahmoud
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1 Weather Modification Activities in the Colorado River Basin Mohammed Mahmoud
2 Historical Information Authorized by 1968 Basin Project Act Substantially completed in 1993 Responsible for repaying reimbursable costs to the U.S. Physical Characteristics 336 mile aqueduct 15 pumping plants Lake Pleasant (system storage/release) Primarily powered through Navajo Generating Station (NGS) Diverts remainder of Arizona s Colorado River Apportionment
3 CAP Service Area Source of Water: Colorado River!
4 Physical Characteristics 10 major reservoirs Lake Powell and Lake Mead store 4 times the Basin's historical mean annual flow Serves 40 million people in US/Mexico and 4 million acres of irrigation Power generation ~ 10,000 Gw-hrs/yr 92% of the Colorado River Basin's mean annual flow occurs above Lees Ferry ( ) Mean annual flow is close to 15.0 MAF, ranging from 5.6 MAF to 25.2 MAF Upper Colorado and Green River are the most important tributaries: 75% of annual flow.
5
6 CAP and Winter Snowpack Winter regional-scale storm patterns drive snowpack which drives spring runoff in the Upper Colorado River Basin (90% of CAP supplies come from Upper Basin snowpack) Climate change is important to CAP because of CAP s vulnerability as a junior priority water user in the Colorado River Basin Therefore it is important to explore augmentation strategies that can help mitigate the potential impacts of climate change to the Colorado River and to the CAP system An augmentation strategy that directly impacts winter snowpack? CLOUD SEEDING!
7 Winter Cloud Seeding
8 CAP Weather Modification Activities CAP has been participating in cloud seeding programs to enhance winter precipitation in the Colorado River Basin; spring runoff from this enhanced snowpack can augment Colorado River streamflow. Cloud seeding is one of the cheapest augmentation alternatives to enhance snowpack. CAP has been involved in pilot cloud seeding programs in the Upper Basin states of Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah from 2007 to the present (8 years). CAP, SNWA, and the Six Agency Committee of California have been co-funding the operational cost of the cloud seeding programs in the Upper Basin. CAP has spent approximately one million dollars since 2007 on cloud seeding activities in the Upper Basin on projects in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. CAP's goal in participating in these programs is to assess whether cloud seeding is a viable means to improve the water supply of the Colorado River.
9 Weather Modification Target Areas Utah Wyoming Colorado
10 Utah Cloud Seeding Program Administered by the Utah Division of Water Resources Lower Colorado River Basin funding support operations in active target sites that drain into the Colorado River Central and Southern Utah projects Uinta Mountain projects Active Recent severe drought conditions have impacted SWE accumulation Colorado River Target Sites Inactive
11 Colorado Cloud Seeding Program Administered by the Colorado Water Conservation Board Besides Lower Basin Funding partners, instate funding partners include water conservation districts, ski resorts, water utilities, agricultural users, and resorts Key target sites include the Gunnison And San Juan
12 Wyoming Pilot Program Randomized Seeding Experiment (RSE): To evaluate the efficacy of cloud seeding to enhance precipitation One of two mountain ranges is randomly selected to be seeded when both have achieved the conditions of a seeding criteria: Mountain top temperature colder than -8 degrees Celsius Wind direction that will transport the Silver Iodide into the target clouds Presence of super-cooled liquid water (for droplet formation) Wind River Range Sierra Madre Medicine Bow
13 Wyoming Pilot Program: Results
14 Wyoming Pilot Program: Results Summary Precipitation increase: 5 to 15% Streamflow increase: 0.4 to 3.7% Cost of water: $27 to $214 per AF (operations only) $53 to $427) (operations + evaluation) * Streamflow and cost estimates based on the North Platte River Basin
15 Wyoming Pilot Program: Extension Following the completion of the 8-year study, operations in the Wind River Range were extended by one-year with multiple funding partners Allowed time for the program results to be finalized and delivered before dismantling generators Wind River range runoff feeds into the Green River/Colorado River Cost-share opportunity with more partners can be basis of a basin-wide weather modification effort Wyoming program extension funding partners: State of Wyoming Arizona Department Central Arizona Project Six Agency Committee Southern Nevada Water Authority Bureau of Reclamation Utah Division of Water Resources
16 Purpose: To advance and promote the proper use of weather modification technologies through education and research. Arizona: Central Arizona Project, Salt River Project California: Dept. of Water Resources, MWD, Santa Barbra County Colorado: Water Consv. Board, Grand River Consulting, Heritage Env. Consulting Idaho: Idaho Power Nevada: Desert Research institute North Dakota: ND Atmospheric Resource Board, ND WxMod Association Texas: Dept. of Licensing and Regulation Utah: Division of Water Resources Wyoming: Wyoming Water Development Commission
17 Acknowledgments North American Weather Modification Council Colorado Water Conservation Board Utah Division of Water Resources Wyoming Water Development Office
18 Questions?
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