TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

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1 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS iii xiii xiv xx 1 INTRODUCTION GENERAL THE PROBLEM STATEMENT WEATHER RADAR IN HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS RADAR RAINFALL ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES OVERALL FRAMEWORK OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 9 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE GENERAL THE HISTORY OF RADAR WORKING PRINCIPLE OF RADAR DOPPLER RADAR BASICS AND RADAR BANDS 14

2 x CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.5 Z-R RELATIONSHIP FOR WEATHER RADAR WEATHER RADAR FOR RAINFALL- RUNOFF MODELING HYDROLOGIC MODEL (HEC-HMS) USING DWR RAINFALL DATA RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING FOR AN UNGAUGED WATERSHED SUMMARY 33 3 STUDY AREA GENERAL STUDY AREA CLIMATE AND RAINFALL SOIL CHARACTERISTICS Alfisols Entisols Vertisols Inceptisols DRAINAGE LAND USE PATTERN SUMMARY 49 4 DATA COLLECTION AND METHODOLOGY GENERAL METHODOLOGY RAIN GAUGE RAINFALL DATA RADAR DERIVED RAINFALL DATA 52

3 xi CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.5 RADAR RAINFALL DATA ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES HEC-HMS RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL Basin Model Processing with HEC- GeoHMS SCS CN Loss Method for Single-event Simulation Muskingum Routing Method SCS UH Method Meteorologic Model Control Specifications HEC-HMS Simulation HEC-HMS MODEL CALIBRATION SUMMARY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION GENERAL RADAR AND RAIN GAUGE RAINFALL DATA COMPARISON RADAR CALIBRATION FACTOR FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS VALIDATION OF HEC-HMS MODEL RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL FOR NEMAM WATERSHED RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL FOR ADYAR WATERSHED SUMMARY 127

4 xii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION GENERAL SUMMARY CONCLUSION LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY FUTURE SCOPE 134 REFERENCES 136 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 148 CURRICULUM VITAE 149

5 xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.1 Major milestones in radar history Weather radar classification based on the frequency band The interpretation of dbz factor Locations of rainfall stations proximate to the study areas Taxonomy of the soils HEC-DSS file description Calibration factors for the study period HEC-HMS optimization techniques 97

6 xiv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.1 Natural radar General block diagram of Doppler weather radar Chennai basin with drainage details Map of Adyar and Nemam watersheds Nemam watershed with Thiessen polygon Adyar watershed with Thiessen polygon Adyar gridded watershed with hydrological elements Nemam gridded watershed with hydrological elements Hydrological soil map of Adyar watershed Hydrological soil map of Nemam watershed Land use map of Nemam watershed Land use map of Adyar watershed Framework of research methodology Radar rainfall data processing methodology CDR radar rainfall data format Radar data text files to standard ASCII files conversion Radar rainfall data in ASCII format ASCII format to HEC-DSS database file 58

7 xv FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.7 Projected radar rainfall data in ArcGIS and HEC-GridUtil tools Grid set creation in HEC-GridUtil tool Grid set view in HEC-DSSVue tool Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:18:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:19:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:20:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:21:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:22:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:23:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:24:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:01:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:02:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:03:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:04:00 (UTC) 68

8 xvi FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:05:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:06:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:07:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:08:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:09:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:10:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:11:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:12:00 (UTC) Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:13:00 (UTC) Identification of radar calibration factor Radar ASCII file before applying the calibration factor Perl scripting for batch processing Radar ASCII file after applying the calibration factor Nemam watershed with parameters in HEC- HMS 81

9 xvii FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO Adyar watershed in HEC-HMS Cartosat DEM of Adyar and Nemam watersheds Curve number loss parameters for Adyar watershed Muskingum routing parameters K and x for Adyar watershed Basin lag time parameter for Adyar watershed Simulated outflow details in HEC-HMS Simulated outflow details in HEC-DSSVue Utility Schematic of model calibration procedure Model calibration with peak-weighted RMS error Model calibration with percentage error in peak flow Display radar rainfall values at rain gauge locations Rainfall data comparison at Korattur station Rainfall data comparison at Sriperumbudur station Rainfall data comparison at Thiruvallur station Rainfall data comparison at Chembarambakkam station Rainfall data comparison at Chengalpattu station 107

10 xviii FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5.7 Rainfall data comparison at Tambaram station Rainfall data comparison at Meenambakkam station Rainfall data comparison at Tharamani station Rainfall data comparison at Nungambakkam station Rainfall data comparison at Anna University Campus Radar rainfall intensity and calibration factor relationship Runoff hydrograph at Adyar watershed for Jal Flow comparison using rain gauge input Flow comparison using radar derived rainfall input Runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Nisha Runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Phyan Runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Jal Hourly runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Phyan Hourly runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Jal Runoff hydrograph at Adyar watershed for Nisha 123

11 xix FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO Runoff hydrograph at Adyar watershed for Phyan Hourly Runoff at Adyar watershed for Phyan Hourly Runoff at Adyar watershed for Jal 125

12 xx LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Symbols a - Total area of the sub-catchment A - Total area of the watershed a i - Area of the part of the sub-catchment belongs to the rain gauge i A i - Area with curve number CN i CN - Curve Number CN i - Curve number of the sub-area A i ( i = 1 to any number N) CN w - Weighted curve number D - Raindrop diameter G i - Rain gauge rainfall accumulation at each watershed for each event h i - Rain gauge precipitation value at rain gauge i - Spatial average of precipitation i - Number of rain gauges (1 to any number n) I a - Initial abstraction of rainfall by soil and vegetation N(D) - Number of drops of given diameter per cubic meter P - Rainfall Q - Runoff depth R i - Radar rainfall accumulation at each watershed for each event S - Potential maximum soil moisture retention t c - Time of concentration t lag - Basin lag time

13 xxi Abbreviations AMC - Antecedent Moisture Condition ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer AWS - Automatic Weather Station CAPPI - Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator CDR - Cyclone Detection Radar centre CRADA - Cooperative Research and Development Agreement dbz - Decibel of Reflectivity DEM - Digital Elevation Model DHR - Digital Hybrid Reflectivity DRR - Daily Radar Rainfall DSS - Data Storage System DTYPE - Data Type DUNITS - Data Units DWR - Doppler Weather Radar ECR - East Coast Road EMR - Electromagnetic Radiation ESRI - Environmental System Research Institute GIS - Geographical Information Systems GPS - Global Positioning System GSLV - Geo-Stationary Launch Vehicle GSSHA - Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis HEC - Hydrologic Engineering Center HEC-DSS - Hydrologic Engineering Center's Data Storage System

14 xxii HEC-DSSVue - HEC-Data Storage System s Visual Utility Engine HEC-GeoHMS - Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension HEC-GridUtil - Hydrologic Engineering Centre's Grid Utility HEC-HMS - Hydrological Modeling System HRAP - Hydrologic Rainfall Analysis Project HRR - Hourly Radar Rainfall HRRS - Estimated Hourly Radar Rainfall IMD - India Meteorological Department INSAT - Indian National Satellite IR - Infrared IRS - Indian Remote Sensing IWS - Institute for Water Studies KINEROS2 - Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model LU/LC - Land Use/Land Cover MAPE - Mean Absolute Percentage Error NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NPOL - NASA S-band Polarimetric Doppler radar NRSC - National Remote Sensing Centre NWS - National Weather Service PAC - Precipitation Accumulation PER-CUM - Period Cumulative PERL - Practical Extraction and Report Language PMM - Probability Matching Methods PR - Precipitation Radar PWD - Public Works Department QC - Quality Control RF - Radio Frequency RMS - Root Mean Square RS - Remote Sensing

15 xxiii SCS - Soil Conservation Service SCS-CN - Soil Conservation Service- Curve Number SHG - Standard Hydrologic Grid SRI - Surface Rainfall Intensity SRTM - Shuttle Radar Topography Mission T/R - Transmit/Receive TRMM - Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TSMS - Turkish State Meteorological Service TV - Television UBRB - Upper Bernam River Basin UDSWM - Urban Drainage Storm Water Management UH - Unit Hydrograph UK - United Kingdom URBS - Unified River Basin Simulator USACE - United States Army Corps of Engineers USDA - United States Department of Agriculture UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator VA - Virginia VB - Visual Basic WFIUH - Width Function Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph WGS - World Geodetic System WSR - Weather Surveillance Radar WSR-88D - Weather Surveillance Radar 88 Doppler Z-R - Reflectivity-Rainfall rate

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