CHAPTER 9 - SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS

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1 CHAPTER 9 - AL OBSERVATIONS 9.1 Introduction This chapter explains the criteria for taking special observations (). 9.2 Special Observations s are taken whenever mandatory criteria are met, and at the discretion of the observer, to report significant weather changes. Unscheduled, non-hourly observations taken for SAWRS 135 operations will use this classification, but their content will be the same as a METAR. s are also taken when an aircraft accident or mishap occurs, and for any weather situation that in the opinion of the observer is critical to local operations Special Observation Criteria Take, record, and disseminate a observation when any of the following is observed to occur: a. WIND SHIFT. Wind direction changes by 45 degrees or more in less than 15 minutes and the wind speed is 10 knots or more throughout the wind shift. b. VISIBILITY. Surface visibility as reported in the body of the report decreases to less than or, if below, increases to equal or exceed: (1) 3 miles. (2) 2 miles. (3) 1 mile. (4) Lowest standard instrument approach procedure minimum as published in the National Oceanic Service (NOS) U. S. Terminal Procedures. If none is published, use 1/2 mile. c. TORNADO, FUNNEL CLOUD, OR WATERSPOUT. (1) Is observed. (2) Disappears from sight or ends. d. THUNDERSTORM. (1) Begins (The beginning of a thunderstorm is the earliest time thunder is heard or lightning is observed at the station when the local noise level is sufficient to prevent hearing thunder.) (a is not required to report the beginning of a new thunderstorm if one is currently being reported). Ch. 9 Pg. 1

2 (2) Ends. (The ending of a thunderstorm is considered to be 15 minutes after thunder was last heard). e. PRECIPITATION. (1) Hail begins or ends. (2) Freezing precipitation begins, ends, or changes intensity. (3) Ice pellets begin, end, or change intensity. f. SQUALLS. When squalls occur. g. CEILING. The ceiling (rounded off to reportable values) forms or dissipates below, decreases to less than, or, if below, increases to equal or exceed: (1) 3,000 feet. (2) 1,500 feet. (3) 1,000 feet. (4) 500 feet. (5) Lowest standard instrument approach procedure minimum as published in the National Oceanic Service (NOS) U. S. Terminal Procedures. If none is published, use 200 feet. h. SKY CONDITION. A layer of clouds or obscurations aloft is present below 1,000 feet and no layer aloft was reported below 1,000 feet in the preceding METAR or observation. i. VOLCANIC ERUPTION. Eruption first noted. j. AIRCRAFT MISHAP. Upon notification of an aircraft mishap unless there has been an intervening observation. k. MISCELLANEOUS. Any other meteorological situation which in the observer s opinion is critical to aviation safety Observations upon Resumption of Observing Function A observation shall be taken within 15 minutes after the observer returns to duty following a break in observing coverage at the station unless a record observation is filed during that 15-minute period Single-element Observations Single-element observations are authorized to be taken for tornadic activity and volcanic eruptions. Ch. 9 Pg. 2

3 Reportable Visibility Values Special Observation Criteria for Visibility Going Down Decreases to Less Than* 4 No 3* No 2 3/ /2 2 1/4 2* 1 7/8 1 3/4 1 5/8 1 1/2 1 3/8 1 1/4 1 1/8 1* 7/8 3/4 5/8 Going Up If Below*, Increases to Equal or Exceed 1/2* 1 3/8 No 5/16 No 1 If no lowest standard minimum required when first decreasing to less than value in a gray* area. required when, if below a gray* area, value increases to equal or exceed a value in a gray* area. Ch. 9 Pg. 3

4 Reportable Visibility Values Special Observation Criteria for Ceiling Going Down Decreases to Less Than* Going Up If Below*, Increases to Equal or Exceed Above 3,000 No 3,000* No 2, to 1,600 1,500* 1,400 to 1,100 1,000* 900 to * 400 to * 1 Below If no lowest standard minimum required when first decreasing to less than value in a gray* area. No required when, if below a gray* area, value increases to equal or exceed a value in a gray* area. Ch. 9 Pg. 4

5 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following precipitation events does not require a report? a. Ice pellets begin. b. Hail begins. c. FZRA changes to FZRA. d. SN changes to +SN. 2. A is required when visibility of a. 1¼ miles becomes 2½ miles b. 4 miles becomes 3 miles c. 2 miles becomes 2 3/4 miles d. 3 miles becomes 4 miles 3. Which change in sky condition would require a observation? a. SKC to SCT015 b. VV002 to VV005 c. BKN045 to OVC030 d. OVC030 to SKC 4. Which of the following requires a special observation? a. TS ends b. SN begins c. SHRA ends d. SG begins 5. Which change in sky condition does not require a special observation? a. SCT008 to SKC b. BKN013 to BKN006 c. OVC009 to OVC010 d. SKC to FEW The prevailing visibility was 1 1/4 statute miles during the last observation. A is required if it increases to: a. 1 5/8 b. 1 3/4 c. 1 7/8 d. 2 3/4 Ch. 9 Pg. 5

6 REVIEW QUESTIONS 7. Which of the following requires a special observation? a. A tornado is reported by the police to have occurred 5 hours ago b. visibility decreases to 3 miles c. volcanic eruptions d. sky condition changes from BKN050 to BKN The last observation reported a sky condition of SCT250. Which one of the following would require a observation? a. BKN030 BKN250 b. SCT015 BKN250 c. FEW005 SCT250 d. SCT010 OVC The prevailing visibility was 7 statute miles during the last observation. A is required if it decreases to: a. 2 3/4 b. 6 c. 3 d Which element may be reported alone as Special observation? a. Sky condition b. Tornadic activity c. Thunderstorm d. Temperature 11. The last observation reported a sky condition of FEW025. Which one of the following would not require a observation? a. SCT025CB b. BKN025TCU c. OVC010 d. OVC028CB Ch. 9 Pg. 6

7 REVIEW QUESTIONS 12. A is required for which of the following changes in Prevailing Visibility? a. 3 miles becomes 2 ½ miles b. 3 miles becomes 15 miles c. 7/8 miles becomes 1/2 miles d. 40 miles becomes 3 miles 13. Which of the following precipitation events does not require a report? a. +PL changes to PL b. TSRA changes to +TSRA c. FZRA changes to FZRA d. Hail begins 14. A is not required when visibility changes from: a. 1 mile to 2 miles b. 1 1/4 miles to 2 ½ miles c. 2 miles to 3 miles d. 10 miles to 3 miles 15. In the last observation SKC was reported as the sky condition. Which of the following sky conditions would require A? a. SCT010 b. BKN030 c. FEW008 d. OVC Which of the following changes require a? a. SN begins b. +SHRA begins c. FZRA begins d. +TSRA to TSRA 17. The ceiling height of the last observation was 1000 feet. A observation is required if the ceiling increases to feet. a. 1,100 b. 1,300 c. 1,400 d. 1,600 Ch. 9 Pg. 7

8 REVIEW QUESTIONS 18. A is required when: a. TSRA changes to +TSRA b. Snow depth increases 1 inch during the past hour c. FZRA changes to FZRA d. SHRA changes to SHSN 19. The last observation reported a sky condition of FEW015TCU. Which one of the following would require a observation? a. FEW015CB b. SCT015TCU c. SCT010CB d. FEW015CB (with thunder heard) 20. The ceiling height of the last observation was 4,500 feet. A observation is required if the ceiling decreases to feet. a. 3,500 b. 3,000 c. 2,900 d. 3, The ceiling height of the last observation was 500 feet. A observation is required if the ceiling increases to feet. a. 600 b. 1,300 c. 800 d. 900 Ch. 9 Pg. 8

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