Steady Flow: rad conv. where. E c T gz L q 2. p v 2 V. Integrate from surface to top of atmosphere: rad TOA rad conv surface
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1 The Three-Dimensional Circulation 1
2 Steady Flow: F k ˆ F k ˆ VE 0, rad conv where 1 E c T gz L q 2 p v 2 V Integrate from surface to top of atmosphere: VE F FF F 0 rad TOA rad conv surface 2
3 What causes lateral enthalpy transport by atmosphere? 1: Large-scale, quasi-steady overturning motion in the Tropics, 2: Eddies with horizontal dimensions of ~ 3000 km in middle and high latitudes 3
4 Observed Characteristics of the Time Mean Tropical Atmosphere Monthly and seasonal means Zonal means 4
5 Objective Analysis Provides Best Guess as to the State of the Atmosphere 1. Start with First Guess Analysis 2. Ingest Data -Radiosondes -Surface Observations -Ship Reports and Buoy Observations -Aircraft Observations -Satellite Observations 3. Data Assimilation -Blend data to produce an initialized (balanced) analysis (or not...) 4. Run General Circulation Model to Obtain next First Guess 5
6 6
7 Mean January Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), Shading at 10 W m -2 intervals, starting at 260 W m -2 7
8 Mean April Outgoing Longwave Radiation, Shading at 10 W m -2 intervals, starting at 260 W m -2 8
9 Mean July Outgoing Longwave Radiation, Shading at 10 W m -2 intervals, starting at 260 W m -2 9
10 Mean October Outgoing Longwave Radiation, Shading at 10 W m -2 intervals, starting at 260 W m -2 10
11 Mean January 200 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 70 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 11
12 Mean April 200 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 70 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 12
13 Mean July 200 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 70 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 13
14 Mean October 200 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 70 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 14
15 Mean January 850 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 10 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 15
16 Mean April 850 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 10 m s - 1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 16
17 Mean July 850 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 10 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 17
18 Mean October 850 hpa Total Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Wind (vectors, largest around 10 m s - 1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 18
19 19
20 Vorticity v u V x y Divergence u v D V x y Streamfunction 2 Velocity 2 D Potential 20
21 Non-divergent (Rotational) Wind u v y x Divergent Wind u v x y 21
22 Mean January 200 hpa Streamfunction Contour interval l10x m 2 s -1 22
23 Mean January 200 hpa Velocity Potential and Divergent Wind Contour interval 1.0 X 10 6 m 2 s -1 Largest vector is about 5 m s -1 23
24 Mean January 200 hpa Divergent Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Div. Wind (vectors, largest around 15 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 24
25 Mean April 200 hpa Divergent Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Div. Wind (vectors, largest around 15 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 25
26 Mean July 200 hpa Divergent Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Div. Wind (vectors, largest around 15 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 26
27 Mean October 200 hpa Divergent Wind, Outgoing Longwave Radiation Div. Wind (vectors, largest around 15 m s -1 ) OLR (shading at 10 W s -2 intervals) 27
28 28
29 Annual Mean Precipitation 29
30 30
31 31
32 January Zonal Mean Meridional Wind from ECMWF Contour interval.2 m s -1 Shading Red Positive (Southerly) 32
33 April Zonal Mean Meridional Wind from ECMWF Contour interval.2 ms -1 Shading Red Positive (Southerly) 33
34 July Zonal Mean Meridional Wind ECMWF from Contour interval.2 m s -1 Shading Red Positive (Southerly) 34
35 October Zonal Mean Meridional Wind ECMWF from Contour interval.2 m s -1 Shading Red Positive (Southerly) 35
36 January Zonal Mean OLR, Vertical and Meridional Wind, from ECMWF latitude Contour interval 1 mm s -1 Shading Red Positive (Upward) 36
37 April Zonal Mean OLR, Vertical and Meridional Wind, from ECMWF latitude Contour interval 1 mm s -1 Shading Red Positive (Upward) 37
38 July Zonal Mean OLR, Vertical and Meridional Wind, from ECMWF latitude Contour interval 1 mm s -1 Shading Red Positive (Upward) 38
39 October Zonal Mean OLR, Vertical and Meridional Wind, from ECMWF latitude Contour interval 1 mm s -1 Shading Red Positive (Upward) 39
40 January Zonal Mean Zonal Wind from NCEP Contour interval 5 m s -1 Shading Red Positive (Westerly) 40
41 July Zonal Mean Zonal Wind from NCEP Contour interval l5 ms -1 Shading Red Positive (Westerly) 41
42 Annual Mean 42
43 December, January, February 43
44 June, July, August 44
45 MIT OpenCourseWare Tropical Meteorology Spring 2011 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: 45
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