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1 5E's TEKS 8.10 (C) identify the role of the oceans in the formation of weather systems such as hurricanes Engage View the video clip: What is a hurricane? How does a hurricane form? What conditions must exist for a hurricane to form? Page 1 of 28
2 Explore Objective: The students will manipulate wind speed, latitude, moisture levels and temperature to create the ideal conditions for a hurricane to form. Activity: Create-a-Cane Interactive Online Game Class Time: 45 minutes Materials Computer Lab with Internet Access Create-a-Cane hand-out Procedure: Go to the following website to access the Create-a-Cane Activity: 1. Distribute the Create-a-Cane hand-out. 2. Review the top portion of the instruction of the hand-out with the students emphasizing the need to read and follow instructions carefully. 3. Make sure that all students locate the website. 4. Demonstrate how the Help buttons (Question Mark) provide helpful information. 5. Guide and assist individual students during the activity. Page 2 of 28
3 Notes to Teachers: Management Tips: Safety: Misconceptions: Copy handouts prior to class time and reserve the Computer Lab. Become familiar with the Create-a-Cane Activity. Review computer lab rules and expectations with the students. None The most destructive part of a hurricane is the wind. Page 3 of 28
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5 Create-a -Cane Go to the following website: In this interactive game, you will explore changing the winds, latitude, moisture, and sea temperature to create a HURRICANE. In the first part of the activity, your goal is to score 80 points. Read all information carefully as you explore. Pointing at the Question Marks will provide information that will guide you in your discovery! Once you begin the game, the following screen will appear. Notice that there are four squares around the circle. When the variables in a square are optimized, a total of 20 points will be added to your score. Page 5 of 28
6 UPPER LEVEL WINDS 20 points Let s begin with the square in the upper left corner, titled Upper-level Winds. Click on the help icon under the square for information about the type of winds necessary to create a hurricane. 1. What kind of winds are required to grow a hurricane? (Can choice more than one) a. Strong b. Medium c. Light 2. What direction should lower, mid, and upper level winds blow in order to create a hurricane? a. The lower, mid, and upper-level winds should blow in different directions. b. The lower, mid, and upper-level winds should blow in the same direction. Use the up and down arrows to change the wind speed (i.e., light, medium, strong). NOTE: there are two ways to get 10 points! Next, your will change the wind direction by clicking on the flashing symbol to the left of the compass. If you have trouble figuring out the wind direction, reread the information under the help icon. An additional 10 points are added when the wind direction is optimized. Click on the flashing symbols Page 6 of 28
7 ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS 20 points The square for the atmospheric layers is located in the lower left quadrant of the page. Notice that upper atmospheric layer can be either dry or moist. However, you will need to manipulate the middle and lower atmospheric layers to create a hurricane. Use the up and down arrows to change the level of moisture (i.e., dry, medium, moist, very moist). Ten points are added to score for getting the lower and middle atmospheric layers just right for a hurricane. This will add a total of 20 more points to your score! Remember to use the help icon if you get stuck. 3. In order for a hurricane to form, the lower atmospheric layer must be: a. Dry b. Medium c. Moist d. Very Moist 4. In order for a hurricane to form, the middle atmospheric layer must be: a. Dry b. Medium c. Moist d. Very Moist LATITUDE RANGE 20 points Turn your attention to the square located in the upper, right-hand quadrant. Use the up and down arrows to find the best latitude for hurricane formation. Remember to use the help icon if you need help. 5. The best latitude for hurricane formation is: a. At the equator b. 5º N - 30º N c. 15º N - 40º N d. 35º N -50º N Page 7 of 28
8 SEA TEMPERATURE 20 points The last variable we will examine in hurricane formation is that of sea temperature. Use the up and down arrows to fine the best sea water temperature for hurricane formation. 6. In order for a hurricane to form, the top 50 meters of the sea water should be: a. 24.0º C b. 25.5º C c. 26.0º C d. 26.5º C Congratulations! You have achieved a score of 80 and the environmental conditions are primed! 7. The last key ingredient you need to get going is a tropical with thunderstorms. a. Disturbance b. Depression c. Storm 8. If the tropical disturbance picks up speed (winds near the center are between 20 and 34 knots) the tropical disturbance becomes a tropical.. a. Disturbance b. Depression c. Storm 9. If the tropical depression picks up speed (winds near the center are between knots) the tropical depression becomes a tropical.. a. Disturbance b. Depression c. Storm Page 8 of 28
9 If the tropical storm picks up speed (winds above 64 knots) with a pronounced rotation around the center, a hurricane is formed. 10. Use your newly gained knowledge to list the 4 stages of a Hurricane s Life Cycle: Wow! Your final score is 100! You have created a killer hurricane! Page 9 of 28
10 Create-a -Cane Go to the following website: In this interactive game, you will explore changing the winds, latitude, moisture, and sea temperature to create a HURRICANE. In the first part of the activity, your goal is to score 80 points. Read all information carefully as you explore. Pointing at the Question Marks will provide information that will guide you in your discovery! Once you begin the game, the following screen will appear. Notice that there are four squares around the circle. When the variables in a square are optimized, a total of 20 points will be added to your score. Page 10 of 28
11 UPPER LEVEL WINDS 20 points Let s begin with the square in the upper left corner, titled Upper-level Winds. Click on the help icon under the square for information about the type of winds necessary to create a hurricane. 1. What kind of winds are required to grow a hurricane? a. Strong b. Medium c. Light 2. What direction should lower, mid, and upper level winds blow in order to create a hurricane? a. The lower, mid, and upper-level winds should blow in different directions. b. The lower, mid, and upper-level winds should blow in the same direction. Use the up and down arrows to change the wind speed (i.e., light, medium, strong). NOTE: there are two ways to get 10 points! Next, your will change the wind direction by clicking on the flashing symbol to the left of the compass. If you have trouble figuring out the wind direction, reread the information under the help icon. An additional 10 points are added when the wind direction is optimized. Click on the flashing symbols Page 11 of 28
12 ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS 20 points The square for the atmospheric layers is located in the lower left quadrant of the page. Notice that upper atmospheric layer can be either dry or moist. However, you will need to manipulate the middle and lower atmospheric layers to create a hurricane. Use the up and down arrows to change the level of moisture (i.e., dry, medium, moist, very moist). Ten points are added to score for getting the lower and middle atmospheric layers just right for a hurricane. This will add a total of 20 more points to your score! Remember to use the help icon if you get stuck. 3. In order for a hurricane to form, the lower atmospheric layer must be: a. Dry b. Medium c. Moist d. Very Moist 4. In order for a hurricane to form, the middle atmospheric layer must be: a. Dry b. Medium c. Moist d. Very Moist LATITUDE RANGE 20 points Turn your attention to the square located in the upper, right-hand quadrant. Use the up and down arrows to find the best latitude for hurricane formation. Remember to use the help icon if you need help. 5. The best latitude for hurricane formation is: a. At the equator b. 5º N - 30º N c. 15º N - 40º N d. 35º N -50º N Page 12 of 28
13 SEA TEMPERATURE 20 points The last variable we will examine in hurricane formation is that of sea temperature. Use the up and down arrows to fine the best sea water temperature for hurricane formation. 6. In order for a hurricane to form, the top 50 meters of the sea water should be: a. 24.0º C b. 25.5º C c. 26.0º C d. 26.5º C Congratulations! You have achieved a score of 80 and the environmental conditions are primed! 7. The last key ingredient you need to get going is a tropical with thunderstorms. a. Disturbance b. Depression c. Storm 8. If the tropical disturbance picks up speed (winds near the center are between 20 and 34 knots) the tropical disturbance becomes a tropical.. a. Disturbance b. Depression c. Storm 9. If the tropical depression picks up speed (winds near the center are between knots) the tropical depression becomes a tropical.. a. Disturbance b. Depression c. Storm Page 13 of 28
14 If the tropical storm picks up speed (winds above 64 knots) with a pronounced rotation around the center, a hurricane is formed. 10. Use your newly gained knowledge to list the 4 stages of a Hurricane s Life Cycle: 1. Tropical Disturbance 2. Tropical Depression 3. Tropical Storm 4. Hurricane Wow! Your final score is 100! You have created a killer hurricane! Page 14 of 28
15 Explain Debrief the Create-a-Cane Explore Activity by calling on students to share their answers to their questions. Questions: 1. What type of winds is needed for a hurricane to form? Low to medium winds blowing in the same direction. 2. What is a wind shear? Any change in wind speed or direction. Wind shear in the vertical direction, from the surface to the top of the troposphere is often the most critical factor for hurricane formation and destruction. When the upper-level, midlevel, and low-level winds were matched (either light to medium) this variable is maximized in terms of hurricane formation. 3. What is the range of latitude in which a hurricane forms? 5-30 degrees North in the ocean and from the equator. 4. What must the surface of the sea temperature be for a hurricane to form? 26.5º C (> 80ºF). Also, this warm water must extend down in the ocean about 50 meters (~150 feet). 5. What must the moisture of the lower and middle atmospheric layer be like to form? It must be very moist in the low and middle levels. The upper layer of the atmosphere may be either dry or moist. 6. Explain how the sea temperature and the atmospheric layers are related in the formation of a hurricane. The oceans must heat up (26.5ºC in this simulation). The heating of the ocean causes water (moisture) to escape into the atmosphere. As more and more moisture moves into the atmosphere, the conditions become very moist. 7. What provides the energy for a hurricane? As warm air from the warm water rises, clouds are formed. As the warm air rises, it cools and releases energy giving the hurricane its power. Page 15 of 28
16 8. What might cause a hurricane to lose its energy? As a hurricane travels farther from the equator and over waters of lower temperature, it will lose energy. When a hurricane travels over land, physical aspects of the environment (buildings, hills etc.) will cause the hurricane to lose its energy. High wind shear will cause a hurricane to lose energy. 9. Explain the evolution of a hurricane. It begins as a tropical disturbance. If conditions of moisture, temperature, wind, and geographic location (latitude) are favorable to hurricane formation, then it graduates to a tropical depression, a tropical storm, and finally a hurricane. 10. Why are there no hurricanes in Alaska? The temperature of the water is insufficient to generate hurricanes. Secondly, the distance from the equator makes this geographically impossible. 11. Summarize the role that the ocean plays in the development of a hurricane weather system? The ocean must become very warm. This moisture must create a very moist atmosphere, which in turn results in cloud formation. Show the flash animations to broaden understanding: For further explanation view the USGS video Anatomy of a Hurricane that follows. Vocabulary: Tropical Disturbance, Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Hurricane, Wind Shear, Latitude, Longitude, Sea Temperature Page 16 of 28
17 Elaborate TEKS 8.10 (C) identify the role of the oceans in the formation of weather systems such as hurricanes. Objectives: 1. Track the path of Hurricane Katrina using latitude and longitude coordinates. 2. Note changes of wind speed as the hurricane develops. 3. Determine how sea temperatures affect the hurricane s strength. 4. Evaluate what happens to hurricanes strength when it reaches landfall. Class time: Two 45 minute class periods Activity: Tracking Hurricane Katrina Materials Procedure: Pencil Colored Pencil NOAA Hurricane Tracking Map Hurricane Katrina Data Table Lab Activity Hand-out 1. Copy all handouts prior to class (see Blackline Masters) print the Tracking map out on legal sized paper. The Tracking Map may be obtained at: 2. Explain or review plotting latitude and longitude. 3. Explain how to read the data in the table. 4. Use the ELMO to show how to plot the first data point. 5. Review the instructions for the activity with the students. 6. Monitor and guide as the students complete the activity. Page 17 of 28
18 Notes to Teachers: Management Tips: Make sure that the students are familiar with reading maps with latitude and longitude. Explain the data table: The date and time the time is given in the zone of occurrence and is reported in six-hour intervals; latitude is listed first and is North of the equator, longitude is listed second and is West of the Prime Meridian; wind speed is the circulation of the wind in the eye of the hurricane. Safety: Misconceptions: Follow normal laboratory safety procedures. Wind speed is how quickly the hurricane is traveling over the ocean. The path of the hurricane and its damage does not extend inland. Debrief: Review all answers to the activity hand-out with the students identifying understanding of concepts. Follow up activity in journal: Summarize the role of the ocean in the formation and development of a weather system such as a hurricane. Page 18 of 28
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21 Tracking Hurricane Katrina In this activity, you will use real data provided by the National Hurricane Center to track the path of Hurricane Katrina as the storm moves from the western Atlantic Ocean, into the Gulf Coast of Mexico, and finally on to the coastline of Louisiana where it makes landfall. Materials: Pencil Colored Pencils Hurricane Tracking Map (Provided by NOAA) Hurricane Katrina Data Table Lab Activity Handout Procedure: 1. Plot the positions of Hurricane Katrina using the coordinates and times provided in the Data Table. 2. Mark each position where the longitude (N-S) coordinates and the latitude (E-W) coordinates intersect. Use colored pencils to mark a dot to record the position of a Tropical Depression in purple, a Tropical Storm in Green, and for a Hurricane in orange. 3. Number each position to show where the location was on a given date. 4. Draw a line with your pencil to connect each plotted point to show the path of the storm. 5. Use a blue colored pencil to trace over the path depicting the portion of the path in which Hurricane Katrina reached wind speeds above 74 mph (Hurricane Strength). Use a red colored pencil to trace the path in which Hurricane Katrina reached wind speeds of 155 mph or above (Category 5 Hurricane). 6. Using the completed Tracking Map and Data, analyze the data and answer all questions. Page 21 of 28
22 Hurricane Katrina Data Table Date (August2005) / Time Latitude ( N) Longitude ( W) Pressure (mb) Wind Speed (mph) Status 1 24 / 12:00 AM Tropical Depression 2 23 / 6:00 PM Tropical Depression 3 24 / 6:00 AM Tropical Depression 4 24 / 12:00 PM Tropical Storm 5 24 / 6:00 PM Tropical Storm 6 25 / 12:00 AM Tropical Storm 7 25 / 6:00AM Tropical Storm 8 25 / 12:00 PM Tropical Storm 9 25 / 6:00 PM Tropical Storm / 12:00 AM Hurricane / 6:00 AM Hurricane / 12:00 PM Hurricane / 6:00 PM Hurricane / 12:00 AM Hurricane / 6:00 AM Hurricane / 12:00 PM Hurricane / 6:00 PM Hurricane / 12:00 AM Hurricane / 6:00 AM Hurricane / 12:00 PM Hurricane / 6:00 PM Hurricane / 12:00 AM Hurricane / 6:00 AM Hurricane / 12:00 PM Hurricane / 6:00 PM Hurricane / 12:00 AM Tropical Storm / 6:00 PM Tropical Storm / 12:00 PM Tropical Depression / 6:00 PM Tropical Depression / 12:00 AM Extratropical / 6:00 PM Extratropical http-- Page 22 of 28
23 Analysis / Conclusion Questions: 1. Based on wind speed, what date and time did Katrina first become a hurricane? 2. When did the greatest wind speeds occur? 3. Using the data table, what was the longitude and latitude when Katrina reached a level 5 category? 4. Looking at the diagram below, what were the sea surface temperatures like in the area where Katrina reached a category 5 Hurricane? Sea Surface Height reveals how much heat is stored in the ocean. Blue areas indicate cooler water and red areas indicate warmer. The path of Hurricane Katrina is indicated with circles spaced every 3 hours in the Gulf of Mexico and their size and color represent intensity (see legend). Credit: NASA Page 23 of 28
24 5. If all ingredients are favorable, what would increasing sea surface temperatures do to the wind speed and strength of the storm? 6. When did the wind speeds decrease the fastest? 7. When the pressure in Hurricane Katrina got lower or higher, what did the wind do? 8. What caused Hurricane Katrina to slow to a tropical depression on August 30 th? 9. What happens to the strength of a hurricane as it moves across land? Why does this happen? 10. What geographical areas of the United States are prone to being hit by hurricanes? Why? Page 24 of 28
25 Teacher Key: Analysis / Conclusion Questions: 1. Based on wind speed, what date and time did Katrina first become a hurricane? August 26, When did the greatest wind speeds occur? August 28, 2005, 6:00 PM. 3. Using the data table, what was the longitude and latitude when Katrina reached a level 5 category? Latitude 25.7 o N; Longitude 87.7 o W. 4. Looking at the diagram below, what were the sea surface temperatures like in the area where Katrina reached a category 5 Hurricane? Sea Surface Temperatures were warmer. 5. If all variables are favorable, how would increasing sea surface temperatures affect the wind speed and strength of the storm? The warmer water and moisture-rich air would provide more energy; therefore the wind speed and intensity of the storm would increase. 6. When did the wind speeds decrease the fastest? August 29, 2005 to August 30, 2005; when the hurricane hit land. 7. When the pressure in Hurricane Katrina got lower or higher, what did the wind do? Wind Speed increased when pressure got lower and decreased as pressure got higher. 8. What caused Hurricane Katrina to slow to a tropical depression on August 30 th? Before it hit land, the hurricane began moving over cooler water. Once it hit land the hurricanes energy source is no longer available. 9. What happens to the strength of a hurricane as it moves across land? Why does this happen? The hurricane loses strength and begins to weaken and fall apart. This happens because the hurricane loses its energy source (warm ocean waters). 10. What geographical areas of the United States are prone to being hit by hurricanes? Why? Gulf Coast states and the Eastern states of the United States are at risk for one or more hurricanes each year. The warmer ocean waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Coast of Mexico provide the fuel for the energy in the formation of hurricanes. Page 25 of 28
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27 Evaluate Complete the blanks: 1. Hurricanes get their energy from water. 2. All hurricanes have wind speeds greater than miles per hour. 3. Hurricanes strength when they move over land. 4. Hurricanes are enormous storm systems that form over. 5. Hurricanes usually begin where the sea surface temperatures are above. 6. The air pressure at the center of the hurricane is extremely. Arrange the steps in order to show how a hurricane evolves: The air rises, cools, then cools and condenses. The storm becomes a large, swirling, low pressure system. Two opposing winds meet and begin to swirl over warm ocean waters, usually between 5 o and 30 o north latitude. 10. Around the middle and low pressure area, warm moist air is lifted upward. List the stages of a Hurricane Life Cycle: 11. An organized area of thunderstorms that usually forms in the tropics. Typically, they maintain their identity for 24 hours and are accompanied by heavy rains and gusty winds. 12. An organized area of low pressure in which sustained winds are 38 mph or less. 13. A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained wind speeds that range from 39 to 73 mph. 14. A tropical cyclone with sustained winds of at least 74 mph. Short Answer 15. What is a Hurricane? Page 27 of 28
28 Evaluate Key Complete the blanks: 1. Hurricanes get their energy from very warm water. 2. All hurricanes have wind speeds greater than 74 miles per hour. 3. Hurricanes lose strength when they move over land. 4. Hurricanes are enormous storm systems that form over oceans. 5. Hurricanes almost always begin where the sea surface temperatures are above 25 o C. 6. The air pressure at the center of the hurricane is extremely low. Put the steps in order showing how a hurricane evolves: 3 7. The air rises, cools, then cools and condenses The storm becomes a large, swirling, low pressure system Two opposing winds meet and begin to swirl over warm ocean waters, usually between 5 o and 30 o north latitude Around the middle and low pressure area, warm moist air is lifted upward. List the stages of a Hurricane Life Cycle: 11. Tropical Disturbance - An organized area of thunderstorms that usually forms in the tropics. Typically, they maintain their identity for 24 hours and are accompanied by heavy rains and gusty winds. 12. Tropical Depression - An organized area of low pressure in which sustained winds are 38 mph or less. 13. Tropical Storm - A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained wind speeds that range from 39 to 73 mph. 14. Hurricane - A tropical cyclone with sustained winds of at least 74 mph. Short Answer 15. What is a Hurricane? Answers will vary but should demonstrate basic understanding of a hurricane system and its connection with warm ocean waters and low to medium wind shear. Page 28 of 28
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