Pacific Storm Track at Different Horizontal Resolutions Snap-shot of Column Liquid Water Content

Transcription

1 Color Plates Pacific Storm Track at Different Horizontal Resolutions Snap-shot of Column Liquid Water Content Fig. 2.8 A snapshot of the cyclone frontal-system by a nonhydrostatic model run with two very high horizontal resolutions

2 276 Color Plates Pacific Storm Track at Different Horizontal Resolutions Snap-shot of Column Liquid Water Content Fig. 3.1 A snapshots of the cyclone frontal-system by a nonhydrostatic model with two very high horizontal resolutions Fig. 3.2 A global view of the cloud distribution (column integrated liquid water) after 24 h integration using 12 km resolution

3 Color Plates 277 Fig. 6.1 An example of the icosahedral grid. This grid is generated from the original icosahedron by dividing triangles 4-times recursively. We obtain grid interval of 3.5 km by dividing the original icosahedron 11-times

4 278 Color Plates precipitation: center = Fig. 6.2 Precipitation for the 3.5 km-mesh experiment. Ninety minutes average between 0:00 1:30 at 85 days. Value is log 10 (precipitation [mm h 1 ]). Longitude of center line is located at 90 (top) and 90 (bottom). Each corresponds to eastern and western hemispheres of the aqua-planet model, respectively

5 Color Plates 279 Fig. 6.4 Comparison of spectral representations of rainfall rate between TRMM PR and NICAM. Top left: TRMM PR, convective rains over ocean; bottom left: TRMM PR, stratiform rains over ocean; top right: NICAM, convective rains; bottom right: NICAM, stratiform rains. Rainfall rate of NICAM is defined by the sum of rain and snow fall rate relative to the air.

6 280 Color Plates Fig. 6.5 Spectral representations of rainfall rate of NICAM. Rainfall rate is defined by the sum of rain and snow fall rate relative to the ground Fig. 6.6 Spectral representations of the sum of rain and snow concentrations (top left), vertical velocity (bottom left), total precipitation relative to the ground (top right), and total precipitation relative to the air (bottom right)

7 Color Plates 281 Fig. 7.2 Tropical cyclone tracks of the observational data (top), the present-day (middle), and the future climate experiments (bottom). The initial positions of tropical cyclones are marked with plus signs. The tracks detected at different seasons of each year is in different colors (blue for January, February, and March; green for April, May, and June; red for July, August, and September; orange for October, November, and December) (Oouchi et al. 2006)

8 282 Color Plates Fig. 7.5 Distribution of climatological precipitation (color, mm day 1 ) and 850-hPa wind vector (arrow, ms 1 ) for July. (a) Observed precipitation by GPCP 2.5 data (Adler et al. 2001) for 12 years from 1982 to Observed wind by ERA-40 data (Simmons and Gibson 2000) for 30 years from 1971 to (b) Model s present-day climate simulation. (c) Change as future minus presentday simulation. The contour and thick arrow show a 90% significance level of the precipitation and wind, respectively

9 Color Plates 283 Fig. 9.5 Surface pressure (contour lines; hpa) and rainfall intensity (color levels; mmhr 1 )ofthe simulated Typhoon T0418 at 0830 UTC, September 5, 2004 Fig. 9.6 Same as Fig. 9.5 but for the Typhoon T0423 at 0630 UTC, September 20, Arrows are horizontal wind velocity at a height of 974 m and warmer-colored arrows mean moister air. The rectangle indicates the region of Fig. 9.7

10 284 Color Plates Fig. 9.7 Mixing ratio of precipitation (color levels; gkg 1 ) and horizontal velocity (arrows) ata height of m at 0630 UTC, September 20, 2004 Fig Mixing ratio of precipitation (color levels; g kg 1 ) and horizontal velocity (arrows) ata height of m at 0000 UTC, January 15, 2001

11 Color Plates 285 Fig Mixing ratio of precipitation (color levels; g kg 1 ). Black and blue arrows are horizontal wind velocity at a height of 315 and m, respectively. Red arrows are wind shear between these levels

12 286 Color Plates 60N 40N 20N Latitude 0 20S 40S 60S 120E 140E 160E W 140W 120W 100W 80W 60W Longitude Fig Zonal component of velocity at 38 m depth averaged over 3 years from the climatological run of the POP model. Color saturates at 0.06 m s 1 (blue) and 0.06 m s 1 (red) Fig Zonal component of velocity along 180 E averaged over 3 years from the climatological run of the POP model as a function of latitude and depth. Model run the same as in Fig Color saturates at 0.1ms 1 (blue) and 0.1 m s 1 (red). Zero contour is given by black line

13 Color Plates 287 Fig Monthly averaged zonal component of velocity at 380 m depth averaged between 140 W and 150 W, as a function of latitude and time, from OFES. Color saturates at 0.2ms 1 (blue) and 0.2ms 1 (red). Zero contour is given by black line Fig Monthly averaged zonal component of velocity in the South Pacific for January 1980 at 400 m depth, from OFES. Color saturates at 0.2 ms 1 (blue) and 0.2 m s 1 (red). Zero contour is given by black line

14 288 Color Plates 20S 30S 40S 50S 60S 70S 0 60E 120E W 60W (a) 20S 30S 40S 50S 60S 70S 0 60E 120E W 60W (b) S 30S 40S 50S 60S 70S 0 60E 120E W 60W (c) Fig The EBFC of (a) the SO6, (b) SO12, and (c) the Gent McWilliams flux convergence (unit : ms 3 ) at 2,000 m depth

15 Color Plates S 30S 40S 50S 60S 70S 0 60E 120E W 60W (a) 20S 30S 40S 50S 60S 70S 0 60E 120E W 60W S 30S 40S 50S 60S 70S 0 60E (b) 120E W 60W (c) Fig (a) The potential density distribution (σ 2 ),(b) the coefficient κ calculated with the summation area size of 10 5 (unit : 10 2 m 2 s 1 ), and (c) the current strength at 2,000 m depth (unit : 10 2 ms 1 )

16 290 Color Plates Fig Instantaneous global precipitation distribution (mm/h) plotted every 6 h obtained by validation experiments: (a) (h)

17 Color Plates 291 Fig A 72-h tracking forecasting with different horizontal/vertical resolution. Red line and green line show tracking forecasting results with 11 km horizontal resolution for global and 64/32 vertical layers, respectively. Blue line shows tracking forecast with 5.5 km horizontal resolution for global and 32 vertical layers Fig Precipitation distribution with different horizontal resolution. (a) 5.5 km horizontal resolution for global forecasting simulation, (b) results of regional simulation with 1.13 km horizontal resolution, (c) observational data

18 292 Color Plates Fig (a) Temperature distribution at 15 m depth, (b) distribution of absolute value of horizontal velocity at 105 m depth

19 Color Plates 293 Fig Precipitation distribution (mm/h), wind velocity with black allow and SST distribution during typhoon ETAU attacked Japan region. Left-hand side color bar shows volume of precipitation and right-hand side color bar presents SST temperature