Chapter 12 Section 12.1 The causes of weather

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1 Chapter 12 Section 12.1 The causes of weather Main Idea: Air masses have different temperatures and amounts of moisture because of the uneven heating of earth's surface.

2 What is Meteorology The study of atmospheric phenomena Anything high in the sky including; Rain drops, rainbows, dust, snowflakes, fog and lightning.

3 Weather vs. Climate What is the difference between weather an climate? Weather- Short term varations; days, weeks, months Climate- Long term average of vatiaonns in weather for a particular area Defined by data over the last 30 years Example; dry climates or tropical climates

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5 Imbalanced heating In January why is it warmer in Florida than it is in Michigan? Reason 1- More hours of daylight Reason 2- the angle of the earth; Florida receives more direct sunlight

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7 Thermal energy redistribution Areas around Earth maintain about the same average temperature The constant movement of air and water helps redistribute thermal energy around the world

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9 Air Masses Air Mass- Large volume of air that has the same characteristics as its source region Temperature Humidity

10 Types of air masses Artic

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13 Lake effect snow As cold polar air moves over the warmer great lakes air gains thermal energy and moisture this modified air is uplifted due to convection and topographic features producing lake effect snow. The uplifted warmer moist air cools and condenses forming snow

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16 Global Wind systems

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18 12.2 Weather results When air masses with different pressures and temperatures move change and collide.

19 Winds are named from whence they came

20 ITCS (Intertropical convergence zone) Near the equator shift a little north or south depending on the seasons Known to sailors as the doldrums Lots of uplifting of warm moist deliver moisture to the worlds tropical regions

21 Jet streams Atmospheric conditions and events occur at boundaries between wind zones Strongly influence earths weather Click pic for video

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23 4 Types of fronts Cold Warm Stationary Occluded

24 Cold front Intense precipitation Sometimes thunderstorms

25 Warm Front Widespread light precipitation Gentle slope

26 Stationary front Neither advance (does not move) Small temp differences Light winds and some precipitation Symbols

27 Occluded front Cold air moves fast and overtakes warm front Strong winds & heavy precipitation

28 Pressure systems Sinking cold air= High Pressure Rising warm air= Low Pressure When you combine Coriolis effect you get rotating high and low pressure systems Air move in a circular motion around a high or low pressure center

29 Low pressure systems Air rises When air outside the system replaces the rising air this air spirals inward toward the center and then upward As air cools it forms clouds and precipitation Moves counter clockwise=northern hemisphere Clockwise in southern hemisphere

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31 High Pressure system Sinking air moves away from systems center Coriolis effect causes outgoing air to move to the right Clockwise in northern hemisphere Counterclockwise in southern hemisphere

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35 12.3 Gathering weather data Main point: Accurate measurements of atmospheric properties are a critical part of weather analysis and prediction.

36 12.3 Gathering weather data Before a doctor can diagnose a patient they must accurately asses the patients state of health. This usually includes checking temperature and blood pressure similar to diagnosing the weather.

37 How do we measure Temperature?

38 How do we measure air pressure

39 How do we measure wind speed? Anemometer

40 How do we measure relative humidity? Hygrometer

41 Automated surface observing system

42 Data from the upper atmosphere Radiosonde

43 Weather Radar Radio detection and ranging Generate radio waves and when they come in to contact with larger particle in the atmosphere they bounce back to the sensory indication rain and clouds. Doppler radar- (video) uses the Doppler effect to tell how fast the clouds are traveling and weather they traveling towards or away from station.

44 Weather satellites Photos of earth Can use infrared, visible light, or water vapor imagery to observe atmosphere.

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48 12.4 Weather Prediction and analysis Main Idea: Several methods are used to develop short term and long term weather forecasts.

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50 Station models

51 Draw a station model for the current conditions in Mt. Pleasant MI

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