Next quiz: this Friday, questions. Plus more on Wednesday.
|
|
- Darren Mills
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Next quiz: this Friday, questions from Plus more on Wednesday. Chapter 19: 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 29, 20, 21, 27, 42, 46 Chapter 20: 1, 2, 7, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48 Chapter 21: 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46 Chapter 22:1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 48
2 The atmosphere is layered according to its temperature structure In some layers the temperature increases with height In others it decreases with height or is constant Why? pause is a level sphere is a layer
3 Heat transfer processes Conduction - Where molecules transfer energy by coming into contact with one another. Convection - Where a fluid moves from one place to another, carrying it s heat energy with it. In atmospheric science, convection is usually associated with vertical movement of the fluid (air or water). Advection is the horizontal component of the classical meaning of convection. Radiation - The transfer of heat by radiation does not require contact between the bodies exchanging heat, nor does it require a fluid between them.
4 Conduction Direct Heat Transfer Conduction of heat energy occurs as warmer molecules transmit vibration, and hence heat, to adjacent cooler molecules. Warm ground surfaces heat overlying air by conduction.
5 Heat driven convection 1. Bottom water is warmed 2. It expands an is therefore less dense 3. It rises to the surface and then spreads out 4. Cooler water at the sides descends to fill the void
6 A convective thunderstorm
7 Temperature, Density, and Convection Heating of the Earth s surface during daytime causes the air to mix
8 Warmed from Below Solar radiation passes first through the upper atmosphere, but only after absorption by earth's surface does it generate sensible heat to warm the ground and generate longwave energy. This heat and energy at the surface then warms the atmosphere from below.
9 Latent (hidden) Heat: Water phase changes
10 Moist Convection A daily occurrence in summer along the high plains -- caused by surface heating, rising buoyant plumes, and the release of latent heat in clouds
11
12 Electromagnetic Radiation Radiation travels as waves or photons Waves do not require molecules to propagate Rate of energy loss is proportional to the 4 th power of temperature
13 Ways to label radiation By its source Solar radiation - originating from the sun Terrestrial radiation - originating from the earth By its proper name ultra violet, visible, near infrared, infrared, microwave, etc. By its wavelength short wave radiation 3 micrometers long wave radiation > 3 micrometers
14 Basic Radiation Laws Stefan-Boltzmann law: (E = T 4 ) (energy flux in Watts/m 2 ) As T increases, E increases by a power of 4. If T doubles, E increases by 16 times! Wien s law: Output wavelength ~ 3000/T Wavelength of peak radiation emitted by an object is inversely related to temperature
15 Solar Spectrum Solar radiation has peak intensities in the shorter wavelengths, dominant in the region we know as visible, but extends at low intensity into longwave regions.
16 Shortwave and Longwave Radiation The hot sun radiates at shorter wavelengths that carry more energy, Energy absorbed by the cooler earth is then re-radiated at longer wavelengths, as predicted by Wein's law.
17 The Earth s Radiation Balance Incoming Energy = Outgoing Energy (absorbed sunshine)(area) = (thermal loss)(area) S(1-a)pr 2 = T 4 (4 pr 2 )
18 The radiative equilibrium temperature Incoming radiation is balanced by outgoing radiation. For Earth the equilibrium surface temperature should be -18 C (~0 F). But, the Earth s observed surface temperature is ~ +15 C (~60 F). Why? Answer: layers
19 Solar Radiation 30% reflected 50% absorbed by the surface 20% absorbed by the atmosphere
20 FAQ 1.3, Figure 1
21 Without natural levels of greenhouse gases absorbing and emitting, this surface temperature would be 33 C cooler than the observed temperature. Greenhouse Effect Earth's energy balance requires that absorbed solar radiation is emitted to maintain a constant temperature.
22 Greenhouse gas emissions Human activities have caused dramatic increases in greenhouse gas concentrations
23 Scattering: Why is the sky blue? Sunlight is scattered by air molecules Air molecules are much smaller than the light s Shorter wavelengths (green, blue, violet) scattered more efficiently Unless we are looking directly at the sun, we are viewing light scattered by the atmosphere, so the color we see is dominated by short visible wavelengths blue dominates over violet because our eyes are more sensitive to blue light
24 The sun appears fairly white when it s high in the sky Near the horizon, sunlight must penetrate a much greater atmospheric path More scattering In a clean atmosphere, scattering by gases removes short visible s from the line-of-sight Sun appears orange/yellow because only longer wavelengths make it through When particle concentrations are high, the slightly longer yellow s are also scattered - Sun appears red/orange Why are Sunsets Red?
25 Weather and Climate What is the difference?
26 Time Scales - Terms of Reference Weather The conditions at a specific location at a specific time Minutes to weeks - the time period for which a specific event may be forecast Diurnal The day-night cycle 24 hours midnight to midday to midnight Climate The average conditions and their variability (includes extremes) Seasonal Annual Decadal Century * Age - as in Ice Age * Epoch - as in Holocene * Period - as in Quaternary * Borrowed from Geology
27 Spatial Terms of Reference Global - The planet as a whole Planetary - as in planetary waves Hemispheric - eg northern hemisphere Zonal- implies East-West a latitude band eg subtropics o lat Meridional - implies North-South along a meridion Regional eg - High Plains - Front Range Local eg - Fort Collins - DIA Synoptic scale 500 to 3000 Kilometers midlatitude cyclones Mesoscale 20 to 200 Kilometers Thunderstorms Microscale centimeters to 1 Kilometer In-Cloud updraft
28 Seasons & Sun's Distance Figure 3.1 Earth is 5 million kilometers further from the sun in July than in January, indicating that seasonal warmth is controlled by more than solar proximity.
29 Solstice & Equinox At solstice, tilt keeps a polar region with either 24 hours of light or darkness At equinox, tilt provides exactly 12 hours of night and 12 hours of day everywhere Earth's tilt of 23.5 and revolution around the sun creates seasonal solar exposure and heating patterns
30
31
32 Seasons & Solar Intensity Solar intensity, defined as the energy per area, governs Earth's seasonal climate changes A sunlight beam that strikes at an angle is spread across a greater surface area, and is a less intense heat source than a beam impinging directly.
33
34 Midnight Sun The region north of the Arctic Circle experiences a period of 24 hour sunlight in summer, where the Earth's surface does not rotate out of solar exposure
35 Take home message Seasons are regulated by the amount of solar energy received at Earth s surface, which depends upon: angle at which sunlight strikes Earth s surface. how long the sun shines per day. Seasons are NOT due to the elliptical nature of the earth s orbit, i.e. changes in distance from the Sun.
36 Questions to Think About Since polar latitudes receive the longest period of sunlight during summer, why aren t temperatures highest there? Why aren t temperatures highest at the summer solstice?
37 Temperature Lags Earth's surface temperature is a balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. Peak temperature lags after peak insolation because surface continues to warm until infrared radiation exceeds insolation.
38 Radiation Budget at the top of the Earth s Atmosphere Red Line is incoming radiation from the sun Blue Line is outgoing radiation emitted by the earth
39
40 The Job of the Atmosphere is to let the energy out! Piles up in tropics Escapes near poles and aloft The movement of the air (and oceans) allows energy to be transported to its escape zones!
41 What a single cell convection model would look like for a nonrotating earth Thermal convection leads to formation of convection cell in each hemisphere Energy transported from equator toward poles What would prevailing wind direction be over N. America with this flow pattern on a rotating earth?
42
43 What s wrong with the 1-cell model? Answer: The Earth Spins and ultimately it is not stable. What is stable?
44
45
46
47 Climate Zones Circulation features are tied to regional climate Rising air associated with lots of precipitation
48 Climates of the World Deep Tropics: hot and wet, with little seasonal variation Seasonal tropics: hot, with summer rain and winter dry (monsoon) Subtropics: dry and sunny, deserts and savannas, often with a well-defined rainy season (summer or winter) Midlatitude temperate zone: warm summers, cold winters, moisture varies by location but often comes in episodes throughout the year Polar regions: very cold, generally very dry, dark in the winter Other Influences: Ocean currents, continentality, vegetation, mountain ranges (altitude and orographic precipitation) Orographic = lift due to the presence of mountains
49 Coriolis Force acts to the right in the Northern Hemisphere hysics
50 Coriolis Effect The Coriolis Effect deflects moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern.
51 The atmosphere s water
52 Water vapor pressure Molecules in an air parcel all contribute to pressure Each subset of molecules (e.g., N 2, O 2, H 2 O) exerts a partial pressure The VAPOR PRESSURE, e, is the pressure exerted by water vapor molecules in the air similar to atmospheric pressure, but due only to the water vapor molecules often expressed in mbar (2-30 mbar common at surface)
53 Water vapor saturation Water molecules move between the liquid and gas phases When the rate of water molecules entering the liquid equals the rate leaving the liquid, we have equilibrium The air is said to be saturated with water vapor at this point Equilibrium does not mean no exchange occurs
54
55
56
57 Expressing the water vapor pressure e = vapor pressure; e s = saturation vapor pressure Relative Humidity (RH) is ratio of actual vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure 100 * e/e S (e = vapor pressure, e s = saturation vapor pressure) Range: 0-100% (+) Air with RH > 100% is supersaturated RH can be changed by Changes in water vapor content, e Changes in temperature, which alter e S
58 Warm air can hold more water vapor
59 Dewpoint Temperatures Dew point temperature the temperature at which dew forms, i.e. condensation Dewpoint temperature is a measure of the water vapor content of the air It is not a measure of temperature!
60 Condensation Condensation is the phase transformation of water vapor to liquid water Water does not easily condense without a surface present Vegetation, soil, buildings provide surface for dew and frost formation Particles act as sites for cloud and fog drop formation
61 Fogs are clouds in contact with the ground Several types of fogs commonly form Radiation fog Advection fog Upslope fog Evaporation (mixing) fog Fogs
62 Clouds Clouds result when air becomes saturated away from the ground They can be thick or thin, large or small contain water drops and/or ice crystals form high or low in the troposphere even form in the stratosphere (important for the ozone hole!) Clouds impact the environment in many ways Radiative balance, water cycle, pollutant processing, earthatmosphere charge balance, etc.
63 Cloud Classification Clouds are categorized by their height, appearance and vertical development High Clouds - generally above 16,000 ft at middle latitudes Main types - Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus Middle Clouds 7,000-23,000 feet Main types Altostratus, Altocumulus Low Clouds - below 7,000 ft Main types Stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus Vertically developed clouds (via convection) Main types Cumulus, Cumulonimbus
64 Cloud type summary
65 Cirrus
66 Altostratus Alto Stratus Castellanus
67 Stratus A Layer of Stratocumulus Cloud viewed from above
68 Vertically developed clouds Cumulus Puffy cotton Flat base, rounded top More space between cloud elements than stratocumulus Cumulonimbus Thunderstorm cloud Very tall, often reaching tropopause Individual or grouped Large energy release from water vapor condensation
69 Cumulonimbus with Pileaus caps
70 Cumulonimbus Clouds Spawn Tornadoes
71
72 Smog over China
The Earth s Radiation Balance
The Earth s Radiation Balance Incoming Energy = Outgoing Energy (absorbed sunshine)(area) = (thermal loss)(area) S(1-a)pr 2 = s T 4 (4 pr 2 ) Solve for T T = -18 C; (0 F) The radiative equilibrium temperature
More informationCondensation: Dew, Fog and Clouds AT350
Condensation: Dew, Fog and Clouds AT350 T=30 C Water vapor pressure=12mb What is Td? What is the sat. water vapor T=30 C Water vapor pressure=12mb What is Td? What is the sat. water vapor ~12/42~29% POLAR
More informationElectromagnetic Radiation. Radiation and the Planetary Energy Balance. Electromagnetic Spectrum of the Sun
Radiation and the Planetary Energy Balance Electromagnetic Radiation Solar radiation warms the planet Conversion of solar energy at the surface Absorption and emission by the atmosphere The greenhouse
More informationLecture 2: Global Energy Cycle
Lecture 2: Global Energy Cycle Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Solar Flux and Flux Density Solar Luminosity (L) the constant flux of energy put out by the sun L = 3.9
More informationLecture 2: Global Energy Cycle
Lecture 2: Global Energy Cycle Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Selective absorption Vertical energy balance Solar Flux and Flux Density Solar Luminosity (L) the constant flux of energy put out
More informationSolar Flux and Flux Density. Lecture 2: Global Energy Cycle. Solar Energy Incident On the Earth. Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth
Lecture 2: Global Energy Cycle Solar Flux and Flux Density Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Selective absorption Vertical energy balance Solar Luminosity (L) the constant flux of energy put out
More informationLecture 3: Global Energy Cycle
Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Flux and Flux Density Solar Luminosity (L)
More informationATMOSPHERIC ENERGY and GLOBAL TEMPERATURES. Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY and GLOBAL TEMPERATURES Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College RADIATION FROM the SUN SOLAR RADIATION Primarily shortwave (UV-SIR) Insolation Incoming
More informationFluid Circulation Review. Vocabulary. - Dark colored surfaces absorb more energy.
Fluid Circulation Review Vocabulary Absorption - taking in energy as in radiation. For example, the ground will absorb the sun s radiation faster than the ocean water. Air pressure Albedo - Dark colored
More informationChapter 2. Heating Earth's Surface & Atmosphere
Chapter 2 Heating Earth's Surface & Atmosphere Topics Earth-Sun Relationships Energy, Heat and Temperature Mechanisms of Heat Transfer What happens to Incoming Solar Radiation? Radiation Emitted by the
More informationThe atmosphere s water
The atmosphere s water Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation Properties of Water The Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle Humidity The Adiabatic Process Clouds Precipitation Air Quality Main points for
More informationThe Atmosphere of Earth
The Atmosphere of Earth The probability of a storm can be predicted, but nothing can be done to stop or slow a storm. Understanding the atmosphere may help in predicting weather changes, but it is doubtful
More informationIV. Atmospheric Science Section
EAPS 100 Planet Earth Lecture Topics Brief Outlines IV. Atmospheric Science Section 1. Introduction, Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere Learning objectives: Understand the basic characteristics
More informationWeather Notes. Chapter 16, 17, & 18
Weather Notes Chapter 16, 17, & 18 Weather Weather is the condition of the Earth s atmosphere at a particular place and time Weather It is the movement of energy through the atmosphere Energy comes from
More informationWarming Earth and its Atmosphere The Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles
Warming Earth and its Atmosphere The Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles Or, what happens to the energy received from the sun? First We Need to Understand The Ways in Which Heat Can be Transferred in the Atmosphere
More informationAtmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition
Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition Air is a combination of many gases, each with its own unique characteristics. About 99 percent of the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen, with the
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 2 Clouds and Cloud Formation. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Head in the Clouds What are clouds? A cloud is a collection of small water droplets or ice crystals that are suspended in the air. Clouds are visible because water droplets and ice crystals reflect light.
More informationEarth is tilted (oblique) on its Axis!
MONDAY AM Radiation, Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect Earth's orbit around the Sun is slightly elliptical (not circular) Seasons & Days Why do we have seasons? Why aren't seasonal temperatures highest at
More informationWeather is the of the Earth s atmosphere at a place and time. It is the movement of through the atmosphere o Energy comes from the
Weather Notes Weather Weather is the of the Earth s atmosphere at a place and time It is the movement of through the atmosphere o Energy comes from the The sun is the force that weather The sun s energy
More informationCondensation: Dew, Fog, & Clouds. Chapter 5
Condensation: Dew, Fog, & Clouds Chapter 5 The Formation of Dew & Frost Dew forms on objects near the ground surface when they cool below the dew point temperature. More likely on clear nights due to increased
More informationWeek: Dates: 3/2 3/20 Unit: Climate
clementaged.weebly.com Name: EVEN Period: Week: 28 30 Dates: 3/2 3/20 Unit: Climate Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 2 O 3 E *Vocabulary *Water in the Atmosphere and Clouds Notes *Cloud Drawings
More informationChapter 4. Atmospheric Moisture, Condensation, and Clouds. 9/13/2012
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Moisture, Condensation, and Clouds. The sun s electromagnetic spectrum and some of the descriptive names of each region. The numbers underneath the curve approximate the percent of
More information9/13/2012. Chapter 4. Atmospheric Moisture, Condensation, and Clouds.
Chapter 2-3 review Chapter 2-3 review Chapter 4 Atmospheric Moisture, Condensation, and Clouds. The sun s electromagnetic spectrum and some of the descriptive names of each region. The numbers underneath
More informationEarth Science Chapter 16 and 17. Weather and Climate
Earth Science Chapter 16 and 17 Weather and Climate Prediction Old way Groundhog Color of the sky Modern way satellites instruments computers Goal Weather Factors Studied by meteorologists Several factors
More informationOn my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this examination. YOUR TEST NUMBER IS THE 5-DIGIT NUMBER AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE.
Instructor: Prof. Seiberling PHYSICS DEPARTMENT MET 1010 Name (print, last rst): 1st Midterm Exam Signature: On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this examination. YOUR TEST
More informationAtmospheric Moisture and Precipitation
Atmospheric Water Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation Properties of Water The Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle Humidity The Adiabatic Processes Clouds Precipitation Air Quality Main topics for today
More informationWhat does a raindrop look like as it is falling? A B C
What does a raindrop look like as it is falling? A B C As the raindrop falls, it bumps into air molecules, flattening out the bottom of the drop! Force or air resistance Force of gravity Water can be in
More informationISSUED BY KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA - DOWNLOADED FROM
CHAPTER -11 WATER IN THE ATMOSPHERE This chapter deals with Humidity, types of humidity, relative humidity, absolute humidity, specific humidity, dew point, condensation, saturated air, types of precipitation
More informationName Class Date. Water molecules condense around the salt crystal. More water molecules condense around the original small droplet.
CHAPTER 20 2 Clouds and Fog SECTION Water in the Atmosphere KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What conditions are necessary for clouds to form? What are the four processes
More informationScience 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather
Science 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather 1.1 - The Atmosphere: Energy Transfer and Properties (pp. 10-25) Weather and the Atmosphere weather the physical conditions of the atmosphere at a specific
More information8. Clouds and Climate
8. Clouds and Climate 1. Clouds (along with rain, snow, fog, haze, etc.) are wet atmospheric aerosols. They are made up of tiny spheres of water from 2-100 m which fall with terminal velocities of a few
More informationMoisture, Clouds, and Precipitation Earth Science, 13e Chapter 17
Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation Earth Science, 13e Chapter 17 Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Changes of state of water, H 2 O Water is the only substance in atmosphere that exists
More informationScience Chapter 13,14,15
Science 1206 Chapter 13,14,15 1 Weather dynamics is the study of how the motion of water and air causes weather patterns. Energy from the Sun drives the motion of clouds, air, and water. Earth s tilt at
More informationNATS 1750 Lecture. Wednesday 28 th November Pearson Education, Inc.
NATS 1750 Lecture Wednesday 28 th November 2012 Processes that lift air Orographic lifting Elevated terrains act as barriers Result can be a rainshadow desert Frontal wedging Cool air acts as a barrier
More informationWEATHER. Review Note Cards
WEATHER Review Note Cards Thermometer Weather instrument that measures air temperature Units include F, C, and K ESRT 13 Sling Psychrometer Weather instrument that measures relative humidity and dewpoint
More informationPolar regions Temperate Regions Tropics High ( cirro ) 3-8 km 5-13 km 6-18 km Middle ( alto ) 2-4 km 2-7 km 2-8 km Low ( strato ) 0-2 km 0-2 km 0-2 km
Clouds and Climate Clouds (along with rain, snow, fog, haze, etc.) are wet atmospheric aerosols. They are made up of tiny spheres of water from 2-100 m which fall with terminal velocities of a few cm/sec.
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds Pearson Education, Inc.
Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning: What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric properties
More informationUnit: Weather Study Guide
Name: Period: Unit: Weather Study Guide Define each vocabulary word on a separate piece of paper or index card. Weather Climate Temperature Wind chill Heat index Sky conditions UV index Visibility Wind
More informationHEATING THE ATMOSPHERE
HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE Earth and Sun 99.9% of Earth s heat comes from Sun But
More informationMeteorology. I. The Atmosphere - the thin envelope of gas that surrounds the earth.
Meteorology I. The Atmosphere - the thin envelope of gas that surrounds the earth. A. Atmospheric Structure - the atmosphere is divided into five distinct layers that are based on their unique characteristics.
More informationChapter 11 Lecture Outline. Heating the Atmosphere
Chapter 11 Lecture Outline Heating the Atmosphere They are still here! Focus on the Atmosphere Weather Occurs over a short period of time Constantly changing Climate Averaged over a long period of time
More informationThe troposphere is the layer closest to Earth s surface. Extends from 9-16 km above Earth s Surface It contains most of the mass of the atmosphere.
Chapter 11 The atmosphere is the blanket of gases surrounding Earth that contains about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor The atmosphere is classified
More informationThe inputs and outputs of energy within the earth-atmosphere system that determines the net energy available for surface processes is the Energy
Energy Balance The inputs and outputs of energy within the earth-atmosphere system that determines the net energy available for surface processes is the Energy Balance Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE. Tarbuck Lutgens
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 17 The Atmosphere: Structure and Temperature 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics Composition of the Atmosphere Weather is constantly changing, and it refers
More informationSeasons, Global Wind and Climate Study Guide
Seasons, Global Wind and Climate Study Guide Seasons 1. Know what is responsible for the change in seasons on Earth. 2. Be able to determine seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres given the position
More informationTemperature Pressure Wind Moisture
Chapter 1: Properties of Atmosphere Temperature Pressure Wind Moisture Thickness of the Atmosphere (from Meteorology Today) 90% 70% The thickness of the atmosphere is only about 2% of Earth s thickness
More informationThe Atmosphere. Importance of our. 4 Layers of the Atmosphere. Introduction to atmosphere, weather, and climate. What makes up the atmosphere?
The Atmosphere Introduction to atmosphere, weather, and climate Where is the atmosphere? Everywhere! Completely surrounds Earth February 20, 2010 What makes up the atmosphere? Argon Inert gas 1% Variable
More informationCh22&23 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch22&23 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The two most abundant compounds in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide and a. particulates.
More informationATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND WIND
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND WIND The source of water for precipitation is the moisture laden air masses that circulate through the atmosphere. Atmospheric circulation is affected by the location on the
More informationLecture 4: Heat, and Radiation
Lecture 4: Heat, and Radiation Heat Heat is a transfer of energy from one object to another. Heat makes things warmer. Heat is measured in units called calories. A calorie is the heat (energy) required
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning: What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric
More informationSeasonal & Diurnal Temp Variations. Earth-Sun Distance. Eccentricity 2/2/2010. ATS351 Lecture 3
Seasonal & Diurnal Temp Variations ATS351 Lecture 3 Earth-Sun Distance Change in distance has only a minimal effect on seasonal temperature. Note that during the N. hemisphere winter, we are CLOSER to
More informationaccording to and water. High atmospheric pressure - Cold dry air is other air so it remains close to the earth, giving weather.
EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE Composition of the atmosphere - Earth's atmosphere consists of nitrogen ( %), oxygen ( %), small amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, argon, krypton, ozone, neon and other gases such
More informationEnergy Systems, Structures and Processes Essential Standard: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time Learning Objective: Differentiate
Energy Systems, Structures and Processes Essential Standard: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time Learning Objective: Differentiate between weather and climate Global Climate Focus Question
More informationA) usually less B) dark colored and rough D) light colored with a smooth surface A) transparency of the atmosphere D) rough, black surface
1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows two identical houses, A and B, in a city in North Carolina. One house was built on the east side of a factory, and the other
More informationThe Atmosphere and Atmospheric Energy Chapter 3 and 4
The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Energy Chapter 3 and 4 Size of the Earth s Atmosphere Atmosphere produced over 4.6 billion years of development Protects us from radiation Completely surrounds the earth
More informationChapter 3. Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3 Multiple Choice Questions 1. In the case of electromagnetic energy, an object that is hot: a. radiates much more energy than a cool object b. radiates much less energy than a cool object c. radiates
More informationEnergy: Warming the earth and Atmosphere. air temperature. Overview of the Earth s Atmosphere 9/10/2012. Composition. Chapter 3.
Overview of the Earth s Atmosphere Composition 99% of the atmosphere is within 30km of the Earth s surface. N 2 78% and O 2 21% The percentages represent a constant amount of gas but cycles of destruction
More informationESCI 344 Tropical Meteorology Lesson 7 Temperature, Clouds, and Rain
ESCI 344 Tropical Meteorology Lesson 7 Temperature, Clouds, and Rain References: Forecaster s Guide to Tropical Meteorology (updated), Ramage Tropical Climatology, McGregor and Nieuwolt Climate and Weather
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 17 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 17 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationThe most abundant gas in the atmosphere by volume is. This gas comprises 78% of the Earth atmosphere by volume.
The most abundant gas in the atmosphere by volume is. This gas comprises 78% of the Earth atmosphere by volume. A. Oxygen B. Water Vapor C. Carbon Dioxide D. Nitrogen An isobar is a line of constant. A.
More informationClimate and the Atmosphere
Climate and Biomes Climate Objectives: Understand how weather is affected by: 1. Variations in the amount of incoming solar radiation 2. The earth s annual path around the sun 3. The earth s daily rotation
More informationLecture 4: Radiation Transfer
Lecture 4: Radiation Transfer Spectrum of radiation Stefan-Boltzmann law Selective absorption and emission Reflection and scattering Remote sensing Importance of Radiation Transfer Virtually all the exchange
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds. What is an atmosphere? Planetary Atmospheres
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds What is an atmosphere? Planetary Atmospheres Pressure Composition Greenhouse effect Atmospheric structure Color of the sky 1 Atmospheres
More informationLecture 07 February 10, 2010 Water in the Atmosphere: Part 1
Lecture 07 February 10, 2010 Water in the Atmosphere: Part 1 About Water on the Earth: The Hydrological Cycle Review 3-states of water, phase change and Latent Heat Indices of Water Vapor Content in the
More information1. The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to its wavelength. a. directly *b. inversely
CHAPTER 3 SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to its wavelength. a. directly *b. inversely 2. is the distance between successive
More informationThe Atmosphere Made up of mainly two gases: Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Trace Gases 1%
The Atmosphere 18.1 The Atmosphere Made up of mainly two gases: Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Trace Gases 1% Layers of the Atmosphere made made up of 5 layers: Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Ionosphere
More information10.1 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL ENERGY AND HEAT Name: Date: Block: (Reference: pp of BC Science 10)
10.1 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL ENERGY AND HEAT Name: Date: Block: (Reference: pp. 424-435 of BC Science 10) kinetic molecular theory: explains that matter is made up of tiny that are constantly. These atoms
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds. What is an atmosphere? About 10 km thick
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds What is an atmosphere? Sources of Gas Losses of Gas Thermal Escape Earth s Atmosphere About 10 km thick Consists mostly of molecular
More informationMeteorology Pretest on Chapter 2
Meteorology Pretest on Chapter 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The earth emits terrestrial radiation a) only at night b) all the time c) only during winter d) only over the continents 2. If an imbalance occurs between
More informationUnit 5. Seasons and Atmosphere
Unit 5 Seasons and Atmosphere Standard 1: Revolution Motion of a body along a path around some point in space. Earth s orbit is elliptical Earth s distance from the sun varies Perihelion Earth is closest
More informationEvaporation - Water evaporates (changes from a liquid to a gas) into water vapor due to heat from the Sun.
Erin Kathryn 2016 Weather is the conditions of Earth s atmosphere at a certain time and place. For example, sunshine, rain, hurricanes, and storms are all examples of weather. Weather is different at different
More informationCLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE MIDTERM EXAM ATM S 211 FEB 9TH 2012 V1
CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE MIDTERM EXAM ATM S 211 FEB 9TH 2012 V1 Name: Student ID: Please answer the following questions on your Scantron Multiple Choice [1 point each] (1) The gases that contribute to
More informationName Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2013 Weather
Name Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2013 Weather Radiation Convection Currents Winds Jet Streams Energy from the Sun reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves This energy fuels all life on Earth including the
More informationalso known as barometric pressure; weight of the air above the surface of the earth; measured by a barometer air pressure, high
Weather Vocabulary Vocabulary Term Meaning/Definition air mass * large bodies of air that have the similar properties throughout such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure; causes most of the weather
More informationClimate versus Weather
Climate versus Weather What is climate? Climate is the average weather usually taken over a 30-year time period for a particular region and time period. Climate is not the same as weather, but rather,
More informationGeography Review Exam I
Geography Review Exam I Test bank of questions at: http://www.msubillings.edu/sciencefaculty/spring%202010%20handouts.htm The Earth is a sphere The Shape of the Earth the Earth s shape is very close to
More informationThe Atmosphere. Characteristics of the Atmosphere. Section 23.1 Objectives. Chapter 23. Chapter 23 Modern Earth Science. Section 1
The Atmosphere Chapter 23 Modern Earth Science Characteristics of the Atmosphere Chapter 23 Section 1 Section 23.1 Objectives Describe the composition of Earth s atmosphere. Explain how two types of barometers
More informationClimate and Biomes. Adapted by T.Brunetto from: Developed by Steven Taylor Wichmanowski based in part on Pearson Environmental Science by Jay Withgott
Climate and Biomes Adapted by T.Brunetto from: Developed by Steven Taylor Wichmanowski based in part on Pearson Environmental Science by Jay Withgott Remember that an ecosystem consists of all the biotic
More informationThe Atmosphere. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems
The Atmosphere 1 How big is the atmosphere? Why is it cold in Geneva? Why do mountaineers need oxygen on Everest? 2 A relatively thin layer of gas over the Earths surface Earth s radius ~ 6400km Atmospheric
More informationATMOSPHERE PACKET CHAPTER 22 PAGES Section 1 page 546
Name: Period: ATMOSPHERE PACKET CHAPTER 22 PAGES 546-564 Section 1 page 546 1. Identify five main components of the atmosphere 2. Explain the cause of atmospheric pressure. 3. Why is atmospheric pressure
More informationTransient/Eddy Flux. Transient and Eddy. Flux Components. Lecture 7: Disturbance (Outline) Why transients/eddies matter to zonal and time means?
Lecture 7: Disturbance (Outline) Transients and Eddies Climate Roles Mid-Latitude Cyclones Tropical Hurricanes Mid-Ocean Eddies (From Weather & Climate) Flux Components (1) (2) (3) Three components contribute
More informationAll objects emit radiation. Radiation Energy that travels in the form of waves Waves release energy when absorbed by an object. Earth s energy budget
Radiation Energy that travels in the form of waves Waves release energy when absorbed by an object Example: Sunlight warms your face without necessarily heating the air Shorter waves carry more energy
More informationThe main components of Earth that affects weather are: 1)
Weather Dynamics Weather Dynamics: The main components of Earth that affects weather are: 1) 2) 3) What's the difference between weather and climate? Weather -. ex. weeks weather in St. John's ion January
More information1 What Is Climate? TAKE A LOOK 2. Explain Why do areas near the equator tend to have high temperatures?
CHAPTER 17 1 What Is Climate? SECTION Climate BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is climate? What factors affect climate? How do climates differ
More informationChapter 02 Energy and Matter in the Atmosphere
Chapter 02 Energy and Matter in the Atmosphere Multiple Choice Questions 1. The most common gas in the atmosphere is. A. oxygen (O2). B. carbon dioxide (CO2). C. nitrogen (N2). D. methane (CH4). Section:
More informationFinal Review Meteorology
Final Review Meteorology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is an example of climate? a. A sudden snowstorm resulted
More information2/22/ Atmospheric Characteristics
17.1 Atmospheric Characteristics Atmosphere: the gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth I. In the past, gases came from volcanic eruptions A. Water vapor was a major component of outgassing B. Other gases
More informationChapter 4: Weather & Climate. (Pg )
Chapter 4: Weather & Climate (Pg. 54 73) Introduction: Distinguish between the terms weather & climate. P. 54 Weather: the state of the atmosphere at any one place or time. (short term) Climate: the average
More informationGEOG 1010 B. Come to the PASS workshop with your mock exam complete. During the workshop you can work with other students to review your work.
It is most beneficial to you to write this mock midterm UNDER EXAM CONDITIONS. This means: Complete the midterm in 70 minutes. Work on your own. Keep your notes and textbook closed. Attempt every question.
More informationGEO1010 tirsdag
GEO1010 tirsdag 31.08.2010 Jørn Kristiansen; jornk@met.no I dag: Først litt repetisjon Stråling (kap. 4) Atmosfærens sirkulasjon (kap. 6) Latitudinal Geographic Zones Figure 1.12 jkl TØRR ATMOSFÆRE Temperature
More informationAT350 EXAM #1 September 23, 2003
AT350 EXAM #1 September 23, 2003 Name and ID: Enter your name and student ID number on the answer sheet and on this exam. Record your answers to the questions by using a No. 2 pencil to completely fill
More information1. CLIMATOLOGY: 2. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY:
What is meteorology? A. METEOROLOGY: an atmospheric science that studies the day to day changes in the atmosphere 1. ATMOSPHERE: the blanket of gas that surrounds the surface of Earth; the air 2. WEATHER:
More informationCOURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION
COURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION DATE 4 JUNE 2014 LEADER CHRIS BRIERLEY Course Outline 1. Current climate 2. Changing climate 3. Future climate change 4. Consequences 5. Human
More informationClouds and Rain Unit (3 pts)
Name: Section: Clouds and Rain Unit (Topic 8A-2) page 1 Clouds and Rain Unit (3 pts) As air rises, it cools due to the reduction in atmospheric pressure Air mainly consists of oxygen molecules and nitrogen
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds. What is an atmosphere? Earth s Atmosphere. Atmospheric Pressure
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds 10.1 Atmospheric Basics Our goals for learning What is an atmosphere? How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet? Why do atmospheric
More informationESS55: EARTH S ATMOSPHERE / Homework #6 / (due 5/24/2018)
ESS55: EARTH S ATMOSPHERE / Homework #6 / (due 5/24/2018) Name Student ID: 1) 21) 41) 2) 22) 42) 3) 23) 43) 4) 24) 44) 5) 25) 45) 6) 26) 46) 7) 27) 47) 8) 28) 48) 9) 29) 49) 10) 30) 50) 11) 31) 51) 12)
More informationTopic # 11 HOW CLIMATE WORKS continued (Part II) pp in Class Notes
Topic # 11 HOW CLIMATE WORKS continued (Part II) pp 61-67 in Class Notes To drive the circulation, the initial source of energy is from the Sun: Not to scale! EARTH- SUN Relationships 4 Things to Know
More informationCourse Outline CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 1. Current climate. 2. Changing climate. 3. Future climate change
COURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION DATE 4 JUNE 2014 LEADER CHRIS BRIERLEY Course Outline 1. Current climate 2. Changing climate 3. Future climate change 4. Consequences 5. Human
More information