Unit 2 Outcome Notes. Nightly cloud cover reduces the range of temperature from day to night.

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1 1 Unit 2 Outcome Notes C.O Cloud Cover Affects Daily & Nightly Temperatures Nightly cloud cover reduces the range of temperature from day to night. o Clouds reflect heat waves; o heat below clouds is reflected back to earth; o without clouds heat escapes giving colder nights. Lack of cloud cover contributes to temperature patterns in the desert. o Lack of cloud cover in the day results in high daily temperatures; o however in the night the lack of cloud cover allows the heat to escape resulting in cold nightly temperatures. Differences in Day Length <-----SUN JUNE DECEMBER The tilt of the earth s axis combined with the earth s rotation in orbit around the sun results in different day lengths. In June, because of the tilt on the earth's axis, the north pole points towards the sun and receives more hours of exposure to the sun hence giving it longer days. You can see that as the earth rotates Newfoundland "N" will spend more than 1/2 the time in sunlight. Light until 9:30 PM sunrise at 5:30 AM In December, because of the tilt on the earth's axis, the north pole points away from the sun and receives fewer hours of exposure to the sun hence giving it shorter days. You can see that as the earth rotates Newfoundland "N" will spend less than 1/2 the time in sunlight. Here, the northern hem. rotates out of the sun for long periods. Dark at 5:30 PM, sunrise at 8:00 AM

2 2 Defining Equinox & Solstice Solstice: o from Latin for "sun stand still;" o sun is directly over 12 noon on 23.5º North or South; o occurs Dec 22 & June 21; o Shortest day of the year & longest day of the year. Equinox: o from Latin for equal day & night; o sun is directly over 12 noon on the equator; o occurs Sept. 21 & March 21; o equal length of night and day everywhere on earth. Test Yourself 1. Does this statement use the terms revolve & rotate correctly? "Saturn revolves on its axis while several moons rotate around it." 2. Does this statement use the term revolve & rotate correctly? "Uranus is a unique planet because it rotates on an axis that is 90o to its plane of revolution around the sun. 3. How long does it take the earth to make one rotation on its axis? 4. How long does it take for the earth to make one revolution around the sun? 5. At what time of day are we rotating away from the sun to the east. 6. At what time of day are we rotating towards the sun from the west. 7. Does cloud cover increase or decrease the range of temperature from day to night? 8. There are two reasons why the days are longer in summer and shorter in the winter. What are they? Test yourself ANSWERS 1. Does this statement use the terms revolve & rotate correctly? "Saturn revolves on its axis while several moons rotate around it." NO Saturn rotates on its axis while moons revolve around it. 2. Does this statement use the term revolve & rotate correctly? "Uranus is a unique planet because it rotates on an axis that is 90o to its plane of revolution around the sun. YES 3. How long does it take the earth to make one rotation on its axis? 24 hours 4. How long does it take for the earth to make one revolution around the sun? 365 Days 5. At what time of day are we rotating away from the sun to the east. EVENING 6. At what time of day are we rotating towards the sun from the west. MORNING 7. Does cloud cover increase or decrease the range of temperature from day to night? DECREASE

3 3 8. There are two reasons why the days are longer in summer and shorter in the winter. What are they? 1. TILT OF EARTH'S AXIS 2. REVOLUTION OF EARTH AROUND THE SUN. 9. What causes day & night? EARTH''S ROTATION ON ITS AXIS C.O 2.5 Summer days are longer than winter days.the northern hemisphere is inclined towards the sun. Therefore this portion of the globe receives more direct light from the sun, and receives sunlight for a longer period of the day. The reverse is true in winter. C.O 2.6 Summer days are warmer than winter days because the region receives more direct sunlight for a longer period of time and therefore will be warmer. Test Yourself 1. The time of year when there is equal day and night all over the earth. 2. The time of year when the northern hemisphere experiences its longest day of the year. 3. The time of year when the northern hemisphere experiences its shortest day of the year. 4. The earth sun relationship that occurs on Sept The earth sun relationship that occurs on Dec The earth sun relationship that occurs March The earth sun relationship that occurs on June What is the latitude of the tropic of cancer? 9. What is the latitude of the tropic of Capricorn? 10. Two reasons for warmer temperatures in summer. 11. Two reasons why seasons occur. Test yourself 1. The time of year when there is equal day and night all over the earth. EQUINOX 2. The time of year when the northern hemisphere experiences its longest day of the year. SUMMER SOLSTICE 3. The time of year when the northern hemisphere experiences its shortest day of the year. WINTER SOLSTICE 4. The earth sun relationship that occurs on Sept. 21. FALL EQUINOX 5. The earth sun relationship that occurs on Dec. 21. WINTER SOLSTICE 6. The earth sun relationship that occurs March 21. SPRING EQUINIX 7. The earth sun relationship that occurs on June 21. SUMMER SOLSTICE 8. What is the latitude of the tropic of cancer? 23.5 N

4 4 9. What is the latitude of the tropic of Capricorn? 23.5 S 10. Two reasons for warmer temperatures in summer. MORE DIRECT LIGHT & LONGER DAYS 11. Two reasons why seasons occur. TILT ON EARTH"S AXIS & EARTH"S REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN. C.O C.O 2.7 C.O 2.8 The greenhouse effect is often misunderstood and mistaken for "Global Warming". The greenhouse effect is a good thing. It moderates our temperature. Planets without atmospheres have an extreme variation in temperature between day and night. While facing the sun, those planets without an atmosphere, get the full intensity of the sun making it very hot. Here on earth the atmosphere reflects and absorbs almost 50% of radiant energy. On those planets where there is no atmosphere it gets very cold in the night due the absence of radiant sun light. Without an atmosphere these planets have nothing to hold heat in. Here on earth the atmosphere acts like the glass on a greenhouse keeping in much of the heat. Consequently here on earth the nights are not as cold. Latitude & Temperature are Inversely Proportional Living in the North we intuitively realize that the closer we get to the equator the warmer it gets. However we have to be careful about how we word that piece of common sense. If we say "the further south one goes the warmer it gets" we would be wrong. Once we went far enough south to go past the equator the temperatures would start getting colder again. The best way to word our common sense is " as latitude increases temperature decreases" or Latitude and Temperature are inversely proportional. Figure 4.7 on page 60 of your text book shows a map that indicates the change in temperature with latitude. You can see from that map that the general trend does hold true, increased latitude exhibits decreased temperature. However there are other factors that come into play like ocean currents, prevailing winds, altitude. For that reason we do see some places like the Himalayas north of India that are colder than central Asia. Can you see another example where the trend does not hold true? Graphic Representation shows decreased temperature with increased latitude. # 13 P. 58 Why The Poles Are Colder Than The Tropics The poles of the earth are colder than the equatorial regions of the earth because of the earth's spherical shape. It is not related to tilt, revolution or rotation which helps explain the seasons. As you can see in the figure above light rays reaching earth from the sun are almost exactly parallel.

5 5 When 2 units of light hit the equator it is direct (at 90o to the earth's surface) and has to heat a small area. When 2 units of light hit the polar regions it is less direct (at less than 90o to the earth's surface) and has to heat a larger area. The ultimate result is more intense heating at the equator due to more direct sun. If you think about it, it does make sense. In the noon day sun, that is closer to directly over head, the suns feels very hot while in the evening, the sun, which is at a small angle, does not feel as hot. C.O Prevailing Winds - see page 61 and 63 Fig 4.10 Prevailing Wind Regular, predictable, normal wind direction. They are caused by global convection cells in the earth's atmosphere. See figure 4.10 on page 63 of your text to see the global convection cells. The global convection cells are created because of the differential heating of the earth's surface. As the equatorial region heats the air it rises creating a low pressure at the equator. The air falls to earth 30º north and south creating high pressures. The other lows and highs can be predicted every 30º of latitude. Alternating high and low pressures result from the convection cells. A low pressure belt is created at the equator and at 60º N and 60º S while high pressure belts are created at 30º N and 30ºS and at the poles. Prevailing Winds form global patterns because of these global pressure belts. They follow the laws of physics and blow from the high pressure belts to the low pressure belts. The Coriolis effect explains why the winds are deflected in the directions indicated on the figure below. The coriolis effect is a law of physics that states: objects in motion in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right while in the southern hemisphere they are deflected to the left. Therefore winds in the north are deflected right and the winds in the south are deflected left. Prevailing Wind Names 0-30º N = Northeast trade winds 0-30º S = Southeast trade winds 30-60º N and 30-60º S = Westerly winds 60-90º N = North Polar easterlies 60-90º S = South Polar easterlies Test Yourself 1. What season is it in Canada when it is spring in South Africa? 2. What season is it in Argentina when it is winter in Norway? 3. What season is it in Greenland when it is Fall in India? 4. What season is it in Mexico when it is summer in south Australia?

6 6 5. As Latitude increases what happens to temperature? 6. The Poles of the earth are colder than the equatorial regions because of the earth's Shape. Test yourself 1. What season is it in Canada when it is spring in South Africa. FALL 2. What season is it in Argentina when it is winter in Norway. SUMMER 3. What season is it in Greenland when it is Fall in India FALL THEY ARE BOTH IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. 4. What season is it in Mexico when it is summer in south Australia. WINTER, AT LEAST THEIR VERSION OF WINTER. REMEMBER CLOSE TO THE QUATOR THERE IS VERY LITTLE TEMP, VARIATION. 5. As Latitude increases what happens to temperature? IT DECREASES 6. The Poles of the earth are colder than the equatorial regions because of the earth's SPHERICAL Shape. C.O C.O 2.12 Fig 4.8 Page 61 #15 Sea Breezes: Look at figure 4.8 in your text book on page 61. In the day time the land heats much faster than the water; consequently the air over the land heats and rises. (remember convection currents); the rising air over the land creates a relatively low pressure while the air pressure over the water/sea is relatively high; wind blows from the high pressure over the sea to the low pressure over the land; hence the name 'sea breeze' the wind is blowing off the sea. Remember winds are named for where they come from; Easterly winds come out of the east; southerly winds come out of the south; sea breezes come from the sea. CO 2.15 Page 64 Diagram on page 65 Wind systems and temperatures are related by factors such as A) What time of year it is B) Type of wind C) Land /water relationship sea/land breezes CO 2.17 Page 66/67 Three types of rainfall Label each on page 66/67 Relief /Oragraphic Rainfall Moisture laden air blows off the sea;

7 7 it is forced up by mountains (high relief); air cools at higher altitudes; cool air holds less moisture; clouds condense and rain falls; most rain falls on the windward side of the relief; leeward side is often in a dry rain shadow because the moisture has all been lost. Frontal Rainfall Warm Moisture laden air meets cold air; warm air is less dense & is forced up over the cooler, more dense air; warm Moisture laden air cools at higher altitude; cool air holds less moisture; clouds condense and rain falls. Convectional Rainfall Usually occurs in hot areas like tropics or continental summer; sun heats the earth causing large amounts of water to evaporate; hot air rises forming convection currents (hence the name); warm moisture-laden air cools at higher altitude; cool air holds less moisture; consequently clouds condense and rain falls. Test Yourself 1. What causes wind to blow? 2. What causes winds to be deflected from a straight path? 3. What causes the development of global convection cells and pressure belts. 4. Winds that normally blow in a region are referred to as _?_. 5. When do sea breezes occur? 6. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 60 and 90 degrees N. 7. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 60 and 90 degrees S. 8. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 30 and 60 degrees N. 9. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 60 and 90 degrees S. 10. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 0 and 30 degrees N. 11. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 0 and 30 degrees S. 12. When hot air rises what type of pressure is created? 13. What causes wind to blow? DIFFERENCES IN AIR PRESSURE 14. What causes winds to be deflected from a straight path? CORIOLIS FORCE 15. What causes the development of global convection cells and pressure belts. DIFFERENTIAL HEATING OF THE EARTH 16. Winds that normally blow in a region are referred to as _?_. PREVAILING 17. When do sea breezes occur? DAY WHEN LAND IS HOTTER THAN SEA

8 8 18. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 60 and 90 degrees N. NORTH POLAR EASTERLIES 19. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 60 and 90 degrees S. SOUTH POLAR EASTERLIES 20. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 30 and 60 degrees N. WESTERLY 21. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 60 and 90 degrees S. WESTERLY 22. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 0 and 30 degrees N. Northeast trade winds 23. What name is given to the prevailing winds between 0 and 30 degrees S. 24. When hot air rises what type of pressure is created? SOUTHEAST TRADE WINDS Test Yourself 1. What type of rain fall is depicted in this figure? 2. Which temperature air can hold more moisture warm or cold? 3. What happens to the temperature of air as it rises? 4. In this figure what causes the air to rise? 5. What is the name of the side of the mountain where the winds hits? 6. What is the name of the other side of the mountain. 7. Which side of the mountain is said to be in a rains shadow? 8. Which part of Newfoundland may receive a fair degree of its snowfall in this manner? 1. Which type of rainfall is depicted in this figure? 2. Where is it most common for this type of rain to occur? 3. Why would this type of precipitation be uncommon in the Canadian winter? 4. What causes the air to rise in this type of rainfall? H

9 9 1. What type of rainfall is occurring in this figure? 2. What causes the air to rise in this type of rainfall? Test yourself ANSWERS Relief Rainfall 1. What type of rain fall is depicted in this figure? RELIEF OR OROGRAPHIC 2. Which temperature air can hold more moisture warm or cold? WARM 3. What happens to the temperature of air as it rises? COOLS 4. In this figure what causes the air to rise? HIGH RELIEF 5. What is the name of the side of the mountain where the winds hits? WINDWARD 6. What is the name of the other side of the mountain. LEEWARD 7. Which side of the mountain is said to be in a rains shadow? LEEWARD 8. Which part of Newfoundland may receive a fair degree of its snowfall in this manner? CORNER BROOK/WEST COAST

10 10 1. Which type of rainfall is depicted in this figure? CONVECTIONAL 2. Where is it most common for this type of rain to occur? TROPICS & CENTRE OF CONTINENTS IN SUMMER 3. Why would this type of precipitation be uncommon in the Canadian winter? TOO COLD 4. What causes the air to rise in this type of rainfall? HEAT & CONVECTION CURRENTS 1. What type of rainfall is occurring in this figure? FRONTAL 2. What causes the air to rise in this type of rainfall? WARM AIR LESS DENSE AND RISES OVER COLD DENSE AIR CO pgs 60, Turn to page 60 and see figure 4.7 which shows you many of the major ocean currents. Ocean currents: Permanent or semi-permanent horizontal movement of surface water (the top 100m) It is unusually cold or hot, when compared with the surrounding water Caused by and shaped by, prevailing winds, variations in temperature & hence density of water, & coriolis force Cold ocean currents: move water towards the equator.

11 11 For example the Humbolt or Peru current carries cold water from Antarctica toward the equator. Can you find it on Page 60? Another example is the Labrador current which carries cold water from the arctic ocean. Can you find it on Page 60? Warm ocean currents: Move water away from warm equatorial regions. For example the Gulf Stream moves warm water from the Gulf of Mexico northeast toward England. Can you find it on Page 60? Another good example is the Japanese current which moves warm water from Japan northeast towards Vancouver. Can you find it on Page 60? Ocean Currents & The Affect on Climate Affect of cold ocean currents Cools the summer temperature; reduces precipitation; cooler air holds less moisture. Affect of warm ocean currents Warms the winter temperature; increases precipitation; warmer air holds more moisture. Practical Examples Mary s Harbour on the coast of Labrador is affected by the Labrador current which gives Mary's Harbour cool summer temperatures and surprising little precipitation for a location right on the oceans edge. Brazilia is a city in Brazil and is affected by the Brazil Current. This gives Brazilia high precipitation. The precipitation is further increased by the fact that the southeast trade winds blow off the warm ocean current onto the land. Brazilia is located within the tropics so the degree of season is very limited anyway. Newfoundland's south coast has ice-free ports year-long while its north coast has heavy ice for several months. The difference in latitude is not enough to explain this difference in ice. Can you explain it with ocean currents? Defining Temperature Range

12 12 Temperature range: the difference between the highest and the lowest average monthly temperatures of a region. Large or high temperature range: extremes of temperature, hot summer cold winter. Small or low temperature range: moderated temperature, warm summer, cool winter Continental vs. Maritime Climates As distance from the ocean increases, annual temperature range increases. Continental climates experience greater extremes of temperature than coastal climates at the same latitude. The plains region of Saskatchewan, for example, experiences a continental climate. The winter temperatures are very cold. The summer temperatures are fairly hot. It is interesting to note that summer temperatures in Central Labrador are often higher than summer temperatures in the island portion of the province. Coastal Newfoundland would experience a Maritime climate. The winter temperatures would be very mild. The summer temperatures would be warm but not hot. Climate Graphs You will need to understand climate graphs to analyze climate statistics. The left scale indicates the temperature and it is graphed as a line, blue is common. The right scale is for precipitation and is graphed as a bar graph, red is common. Test Yourself 1. What term refers to the height above sea-level? 2. Which province of Canada has the highest average elevation? 3. If the elevation increases 300 m how does the temperature change? 4. If the city of "Atlantis" is at 0 m elevation and tectonic activity pushes it up 600 m how would the average temperature change? 5. Which location would you expect to have the coldest average temperature? (X, Y, L or R)

13 13 Test yourself 1. What term refers to the height above sea-level. ELEVATION 2. Which province of Canada has the highest average elevation? B.C. 3. If the elevation increases 300m how much does the temperature change? DECREASE BY 2ºC 4. If the city of "Atlantis" is at 0m elevation and tectonic activity pushes it up 600m what would be the average change in temperature? -4ºC 5. Which location would you expect to have the coldest average temperature? (X, Y, L or R) X; HIGHEST COMBINED ELEVATION & LATITUDE

14 14 Test Yourself 1. What term is used to describe the range between the highest and the lowest average monthly temperatures of a region. 2. What type of climate would location C experience? 3. What type of climate would Location E Experience? 4. What type of climate would Location F Experience? 5. What type of climate would Location B Experience? 6. Which will experience the hottest summer, C or E? 7. Which will experience the coldest winter A or F? 8. Which location will experience the greatest temperature range, A or D? 9. Which location will experience the greatest temperature range, A or B? 10. This climate graph comes from a city in the U.S. at about 40º N. Does it appear to be Continental? Why?

15 15 Test yourself 1. What term is used to describe the range between the highest and the lowest average monthly temperatures of a region. TEMPERATURE RANGE 2. What type of climate would location C experience? CONTINENTAL 3. What type of climate would Location E Experience? MARITIME 4. What type of climate would Location F Experience? MARITIME 5. What type of climate would Location B Experience? CONTINENTAL 6. Which will experience the hottest summer, C or E? C 7. Which will experience the coldest winter A or F? A 8. Which location will experience the greatest temperature range, A or D? A 9. Which location will experience the greatest temperature range, A or B? A 10. This climate graph comes from a city in the U.S. at about 40o N. Does it appear to be Continental? Why? NO, TOO LOW A TEMPERATURE RANGE FOR THAT LATITUDE

16 16 Test Yourself 1. Sudden wet season in the tropics is known as? 2. During India's Winter monsoon why does the High pressure develop over Asia/India? 3. During India's Winter monsoon how much precipitation do they receive? 4. During India's Winter monsoon why does the Indian ocean really "cool" off to create the low pressure? 5. During India's summer monsoon why does the low pressure develop over Asia/India? 6. During India's Summer monsoon how much precipitation do they receive? Test yourself 1. Sudden wet season in the tropics is known as? MONSOON 2. During India's Winter monsoon why does the High pressure develop over Asia/India? COLDER WEATHER CAUSES THE LAND AND AIR TO COOL CREATING THE LOW 3. During India's Winter monsoon how much precipitation do they receive? VERY LITTLE 4. During India's Summer monsoon why does the Indian ocean really "cool" off to create the high pressure? NO: THE LAND HEATED QUICKLY, WHILE THE OCEAN MAINTAINED THE SAME TEMPERATURE MAKING THE OCEAN A RELATIVE LOW 5. During India's summer monsoon why does the low pressure develop over Asia/India? HOT SUMMER WEATHER HEATS THE LAND WHICH HEATS THE AIR CAUSING AIR TO RISE GIVING IT A LOW PRESSURE. 6. During India's Summer monsoon how much precipitation do they receive? TORRENTIAL RAIN

17 17 Test Yourself 1. Which type of climate is depicted in this climate graph? 2. What two features distinguish it? 3. What latitude would your expect to find a region that had this climate? 4. Would you expect to find this in both hemispheres? 5. What type of climate is depicted in this climate graph? 6. What distinguishes it from the climate above? 7. Why do you think there is less precipitation? 8. Would you expect to find this climate in both hemispheres? 9. What type of climate is depicted in this climate graph? 10. What distinguishes it from the climate above? 11. Why do you think there is less precipitation? 12. Would you expect to find this climate in both hemispheres? 13. What are the two types of polar climates? Test yourself 1. Which type of climate is depicted in this climate graph? TEMPERATE MILD WINTER 2. What two features distinguish it? SEASONAL TEMPERATURES BUT NO WINTER TEMPERATURES BELOW -3 DEGREES 3. What latitude would your expect to find a region that had this climate? MIDLATITUDES 4. Would you expect to find this in both hemispheres? YES 5. What type of climate is depicted in this climate graph? TEMPERATE COLD WINTER

18 18 6. What distinguishes it from the climate above? MUCH COLDER WINTERS, BELOW -3 DEGREES 7. Why do you think there is less precipitation? COLDER TEMPERATURES SO THE AIR HOLDS LESS MOISTURE 8. Would you expect to find this climate in both hemispheres? NO, ONLY IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 9. What type of climate is depicted in this climate graph? TUNDRA 10. What distinguishes it from the climate above? VERY COLD WINTER TEMPERATURES AND SUMMER TEMPERATURES THAT DO NOT RISE ABOVE 10 DEGREES 11. Why do you think there is less precipitation? VERY COLD TEMPERATURES SO AIR HOLDS LESS MOISTURE 12. Would you expect to find this climate in both hemispheres? NO, WHILE THERE IS POLAR CLIMATE IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE THERE IS NO TUNDRA 13. What are the two types of polar climates? POLAR ICE CAPS & TUNDRA C.O 2.29/2.30 pages Tropical Climates All Tropical Climates have average temperatures over 18oC every day due to low latitude & warm ocean currents & prevailing winds. You will notice on the climate graphs below that the line indicating temperature is fairly flat right around 20oC. Viewing figure 5.1 on page 75 of your text you can see that almost all of the tropical wet and the tropical wet&dry climates are located between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn. o Tropical Wet sub region ; heavy rain all year due to hot temp & resulting convectional rain. o Tropical wet& dry sub region; very heavy summer rain & very dry winter due to seasonal shift in prevailing winds. (monsoon regions) Dry Climates All Dry climates receive less than 500mm precipitation annually. o The region has more evaporation than precipitation leaving it in a water deficit. o o There is little vegetation & it is often windy Climate graphs of arid and semi-arid regions are difficult to distinguish from each other but easy to distinguish from all other climates because of the low precipitation bars.

19 19 Arid or desert dry climates occur mostly between 10-30oN & 10-30oS and receive mm rain annually. Semi-arid steppe dry climates are really transition Zones between desert & Forest. They receive mm rain annually which is often enough to support grasses but not forests. Temperate Climates A review of figure 5.1 on page 75 of your text reveals that temperate mild climates occur in both hemispheres while the temperate cold climates only occur in the northern Hemisphere. The distinguishing feature on a climograph is the curved temperature line. Temperate Mild Winter o Temperature varies with seasons o Mid Latitudes o Mild winter o Summer temperatures vary but winters are warmer than 3ºC Temperate cold Winter o Temperature varies with seasons o Mid-high Latitudes o cold winters Summer temperatures vary but winters are colder than 3ºC Polar Climates Polar climates are distinguished by their extremely low winter temperatures and low summer temperatures. o Tundra: summer temperature never above 10oC o Ice Caps: summer's average monthly temperature is never above 0oC Highland Climates These climates are only characterized by their elevation and decreased temperature because of that. However the climates vary with latitude of the mountain, closeness to the ocean etc. Some alpine regions can be like the tundra and the ice cap of a mountain is like the polar ice caps. Test Yourself 1. All Tropical Climates have average temperatures over _?_ ºC every day due to low latitude & warm ocean currents & prevailing winds.

20 20 2. On the climate graph for a tropical climate of any sort the _?_ is almost flat because of the constant warm temperatures. 3. The type of climate represented in this climate graph occurs between which latitudes? 4. The bars on this climate graph represent_?_. 5. The line on this climate graph represent _?_. 6. The temperature on this climate graph is measured in which units? 7. The most distinguishing feature of an arid or semi-arid climate graph is _?_. 8. Most arid/desert climates occur between which latitudes? 9. Which type of climate might you expect in the grasslands of Asia? 10. Which type of climate might you expect in the monsoon region of India? 11. Which type of climate might you expect in the lush rainforest portion of Brazil? 12. How much annual precipitation does an arid climate receive? 13. How much annual precipitation does a semi-arid climate receive? Test yourself 1. All Tropical Climates have average temperatures over _?_ oc every day due to low latitude & warm ocean currents & prevailing winds On the climate graph for a tropical climate of any sort the _?_ is almost flat because of the constant warm temperatures. TEMPERATURE LINE 3. The type of climate represented in this climate graph occurs between which latitudes? TROPIC OF CANCER & TROPIC OF CAPRICORN 4. The bars on this climate graph represent_?_. PRECIPITATION 5. The line on this climate graph represent _?_. TEMPERATURE

21 21 6. The temperature on this climate graph is measured in which units? ºC 7. The most distinguishing feature of an arid or semi-arid climate graph is _?_. LOW PRECIPITATION BARS 8. Most arid/desert climates occur between which latitudes? 30ºN & 30ºS or more specifically 10-30ºN and 10-30ºS. 9. Which type of climate might you expect in the grasslands of Asia? SEMI-ARID 10. Which type of climate might you expect in the monsoon region of India? TROPICAL WET & DRY 11. Which type of climate might you expect in the lush rainforest portion of Brazil? TROPICAL WET & DRY 12. How much annual precipitation does an arid climate receive? mm 13. How much annual precipitation does a semi-arid climate receive? mm C.O Climatic Conditions & Human Activity Positive Influences of Climate Good tourist industry in subtropics like Florida; sports are affected: golf summer, hockey winter; religious tradition of Christmas strongly associated with winter conditions; clothes fashion changes with the season; school closed during summer season in temperate zone. Negative Influences of Climate Transportation is affected; winter tires in temperate zone; snow clearing budgets can be high; school closed during winter storms in temperate zone. Global Warming Global warming is the gradual increase of the earth's average temperature since the industrial revolution. It is a fact that the earth's average temperature is increasing. The negative effects associated with global warming are also factual. However, it is important to note that some scientists dispute the fact that it is due to human activity. Some scientists believe the recent increase in temperature is a part of the normal rhythm s of change in the earth's atmosphere. Global warming vs. Greenhouse effect It is also important to draw a distinction between global warming and the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a good thing and moderates our temperatures here on earth. It operates by

22 22 specific gasses like carbon dioxide and methane. Global warming is due to the human activity that has increased the level of these greenhouse gasses and consequently increased the the earth's temperature. Human Impact on Greenhouse Gasses It is believed that humans have changed the balance of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere in two ways: 1. Increased carbon dioxide emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. Coal, Gasoline, Furnace oil, Propane, diesel, and jet fuel are all examples of fossil fuels we burn and result in carbon dioxide emissions. 2. Cutting forests which results in fewer trees. Trees and all plants recycle carbon dioxide into carbohydrates consequently reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide. When these trees are removed the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. Global warming & Climate change Obviously global warming results in temperature changes. However that temperature change affects precipitation as well. In some areas it increases precipitation and in other areas it reduces precipitation. **Read 3 Case Studies in Chapter 5 to better your understanding of above notes.