Issue of SIGMET/AIRMET warning part II
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1 Issue of SIGMET/AIRMET warning part II 1
2 SIGMET SIGMET is warning information and hence it is of highest priority amongst other types of meteorological information provided to the aviation users. This is the warning of hazardous conditions combining elements of both reported and forecasted conditions. SIGMET provides information concerning the location, extent, intensity and expected evolution of the specified phenomena. SIGMET information is often based on special air-reports; it may also be based on weather satellite data and on groundbased observations, such as weather radar observations, or on forecasts. It should be noted that although SIGMET information is required to be issued for cruising levels, there is no stated lower limit regarding the height for which a SIGMET should be issued. 2
3 TYPES OF SIGMET WS SIGMET s for en-route weather phenomena other than VA (Volcanic ash) and TC (Tropical Cyclone) (this includes TS, CB, TURB, ICE, MTW, DS and SS); this SIGMET will be referred as WS SIGMET Period of validity. The period of validity of a SIGMET is not to exceed four hours. WV SIGMET for volcanic ash, which will be hereafter denoted as VA SIGMET; In the special case of a SIGMET for volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones, the period of validity is to be extended to six hours WC SIGMET for tropical cyclones, which will hereafter be denoted as TC SIGMET In the special case of a SIGMET for volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones, the period of validity is to be extended to six hours. The preparation of SIGMET information is to be based, where possible, on advisory information produced by TCAC and VAAC; the MWO, which is required to prepare SIGMETs for tropical cyclones and volcanic ash, 3
4 Since the occurrence of the above phenomena is of importance to aircraft during all phases of flight, the MWOs should issue a SIGMET irrespective of the altitude of the phenomenon. SIGMETs are cancelled by the issuing office when the phenomena are no longer occurring or are no longer expected to occur in the area. 4
5 Embedded Thunderstorms As soon as thunderstorms become embedded the warning escalated from an AIRMET to a SIGMET. It then becomes important to know what Embedded Thunderstorms are. A TS within non convective-cloud is called embedded. Aircraft should avoid areas of known CB activity especially when embedded in cloud layers because they cannot be seen with the naked eye, pilots need storm detection equipment. 5
6 Embedded Thunderstorms SIGMET FAJA (Johannesburg) FIR FAOR SIGMET C01 VALID DDTTTT/DDTTTT FAOR - FAJA JOHANNESBURG FIR EMBD TS (FCST/OBS) WI (coordinates)= Embedded Thunderstorms can be: OBSC TS -Obscured Thunderstorm(s) EMBD TS -Embedded Thunderstorm(s) FRQ TS - Frequent Thunderstorm(s) SQL TS - Squall Line Thunderstorm(s) OBSC TSGR- Obscured thunderstorm(s) with hail EMBD TSGR - Embedded Thunderstorm(s) with hail FRQ TSGR - Frequent Thunderstorm(s) with hail SQL TSGR - Squall Line Thunderstorm(s) with hail 6
7 Warning of Severe Turbulence in (SIGMET) Severe Turbulence- SEV TURB (vertical speed shear (9 kts per 1000 ft) and/or directional shear) SIGMET FAJA (Johannesburg) FIR FAOR SIGMET A01 VALID DDTTTT/DDTTTT FAOR - FAJA JOHANNESBURG FIR SEV TURB (FCST/OBS) WI (coordinates) FL000/000= 7
8 Warning for Severe Mountain Wave turbulence Severe Mountain Wave: SEV MTW FAOR SIGMET A01 VALOD / FAOR-FACA CAPE TOWN FIR SEV MTW FCAST WI (Coordinates) 8
9 Warn of Severe Icing in SIGMET Severe Icing SEV ICE or SEV ICE FZRA This is done for severe icing or severe icing due to freezing rain SIGMET FAJA (Johannesburg) FIR FAOR SIGMET D01 VALID DDTTTT/DDTTTT FAOR - FAJA JOHANNESBURG FIR SEV ICE (FCST/OBS) WI (coordinates) FL000/000= FAOR SIGMET A01 VALID / FAOR- FACA CAPE TOWN FIR SEV ICE FCST WI S3056 E S3310 E S3538 E S3643 E S3645 E S3531 E S3349 E S3156 E S3113 E S3057 E02619 FL080/230= 9
10 Warn for Heavy Dust Storm/Heavy Sandstorm in SIGMET Heavy Duststorm HVY DS Heavy SIGMET FAJA (Johannesburg) FIR FAOR SIGMET F01 VALID DDTTTT/DDTTTT FAOR - FAJA JOHANNESBURG FIR HVY DS (FCST/OBS) WI (coordinates)= DS Dust storm DD - Day of the month TTTT - Validity Time in Z Heavy Dust storm: visibility is < 200 m and the sky is obscured; Moderate Dust Storm: A dust storm is defined to be moderate whenever the visibility is: below 200 m and the sky is not obscured; or between 200 m and 600 m. 10
11 16 October 2014 SIGMET for Heavy Dust storm At 11:00Z FABL reported dust with a reduced visibility to 2000m: FABL Z 24030G43KT 2000 DS VV003 16/04 Q1010 TEMPO 5000 TSRA= FAJA SIGMET A01 VALID / FAOR FAJA Johannesburg FIR HVY DS OBS WI..= The SIGMET should be accompanied by an AIRMET for reduced visibility with the same validity time: FAJA AIRMET A01 VALID / FAOR FAJA Johannesburg FIR DS OBS WI (MAP)= 11
12 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) VAACs are meteorological center s monitoring relevant satellite data to detect volcanic ash in the atmosphere. Subsequently, VAACs run volcanic ash numerical dispersion models to forecast the movement of a volcanic ash cloud. VAACs provide to MWOs, the lateral and vertical extent and forecast movement of volcanic ash in the atmosphere following volcanic eruptions. The advisory information is to be used by MWOs in support of the issuance of SIGMET information on volcanic ash clouds. 12
13 VOLCANIC ASH SIGMET Volcanic Ash VA (+Volcano Name, if known) FACT SIGMET B1 VALID / FAJS- FACA CAPE TOWN FIR VA CLD CORDON CAULLE OBS WI S3042 E S3412 E S3712 E S3706 E S3606 E S3042 E S3042 E01512 FL100/350 MOV SE= FAJS SIGMET A2 VALID / FAJS- FAJO JOHANNESBURG OCEANIC FIR VA CLD CORDON CAULLE OBS WI S4040 E S3720 E S4230 E S3840 E S4455 E04650 S4040 E07445 SFC/FL200= 13
14 Example: Cordon Caulle The VAAC in Toulouse issued a VA advisory for volcano CORDON CAULLE. Advisory coordinates placed the VA in the FACA FIR. VA was identified and confirmed using MSG ASH RGB. Using forecast coordinates from the VAAC advisory and Graphical ASH guidance a VA SIGMET was issued for FACA FIR The VA based on observation/advisory products 14
15 TROPICAL CYCLONE SIGMET Tropical Cylcone- TC (+TC name) Example: FAOR SIGMET I01 VALID / FAOR-FAJO JOHANNESBURG OCEANIC FIR TC FUNDI OBS 3218S 04412E FCST 0000Z TC CENTRE 3346S 04328E= 15
16 Role of the TCAC A TCAC is designated by the WMO to monitor tropical cyclones in their respective areas of responsibility by making use of a variety of data, such as geostationary and polarorbiting satellite data, NWP models and observations. The TCACs will inform the MWO about the position, movement, forecast position and time, speed, central pressure and maximum surface winds near the centre of the cyclone. The MWO should then use this information to issue the necessary SIGMET for tropical cyclones. 16
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