Answer Key for Practice Test #2

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1 Answer Key for Practice Test #2 Section 1. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark your choice on the optical scan sheet. 1. Compared to other types of fronts, the weather associated with a cold front usually covers more area. involves less precipitation. does not involve thunderstorms. is less violent but of longer duration. is more violent but of shorter duration. 2. What does the lowercase letter w indicate about an air mass? The air mass is drier than the surface over which it is passing. The air mass is colder than the surface over which it is passing. The air mass is warmer than the surface over which it is passing. The air mass is wetter than the surface over which it is passing. 3. In the southern hemisphere, anticyclonic winds flow outward and clockwise. inward and clockwise. outward and counterclockwise. inward and counterclockwise. 4. An mp air mass is: humid and cold. humid and warm. dry and warm. dry and cold. 2 of 8 Wednesday March 25

2 Question 5 refers to the diagram of a mature wave-cyclone below. 5. Which of the stations listed below probably has the least rain and cloud cover? point A point H point B point I point G 6. Which of these factors influence the magnitude of the Coriolis force? wind direction latitude wind speed temperature both wind speed and latitude 7. Which association is not correct? high cloud...cirrus low cloud...stratocumulus vertical cloud...cumulus middle cloud...altostratus high cloud...stratus 3 of 8 Wednesday March 25

3 Question 8 refers to the diagrams below. The arrows point in the direction the wind is blowing near the surface. 8. Referring to the graphs above, which option is generally associated with fair weather? graphs a and b graphs a and c graphs b and d graphs c and d none of these 9. An air-mass source region: is characterized by a general stagnation of atmospheric circulation. is best typified by the central United States. is generally an area characterized by a cyclonic circulation pattern. may consist of both land and water. is generally accompanied by divergence aloft. 10. Jet streams are associated with fronts because of the higher pressure behind the front. reduced friction above the front. large temperature gradient. clouds forming there. all of the above. 11. The Bergeron process only produces precipitation in clouds that are warm and vertically developed. cold and vertically developed. layered, regardless of temperature. warm, regardless of vertical structure. cold, regardless of vertical structure. 4 of 8 Wednesday March 25

4 12. Why is ozone depleted so much more over Antarctica in the austral spring than in the rest of the stratosphere? As fast as active chlorine is converted into reservoir species, polar stratospheric clouds convert it back. The chemicals needed to form reservoir species are missing from the polar stratosphere during the spring, so all the chlorine remains in the active form. It is too cold to form reservoir species. The sunlight is too bright for reservoir species to form. Subsiding air over the south pole blows ozone out of the stratosphere, and the polar vortex prevents new ozone from arriving from the tropics. 13. A Santa Ana (or Chinook or Foehn) wind is a: wind that is peculiar to the China mainland. wind associated with a blizzard. cold, damp wind blowing off snow fields. very dry, warm wind coming down a mountain slope. 14. The temperature inside a cloud will almost always be just above the dew point. way above the dew point. way below the dew points but above freezing. below freezing. about equal to the dew point. 15. Concerning rainfall patterns, areas of persistent high pressure tend to cause desert regions. pronounced wet and dry seasons. severe flooding. moderate rainfall. 16. A primary factor causing monsoon circulations is mountain ranges. greater temperature changes over continents compared to oceans. waves in the westerlies. ocean currents. Coriolis effect. 5 of 8 Wednesday March 25

5 Section 2. Short answer questions. Answer in the space provided. You should be able to answer these questions in one or two sentences. 1. The vast majority of chlorine in the troposphere comes from volcanoes, oceans, and other natural sources, so why do we blame the ozone hole and other destruction of stratospheric ozone on human activity? Explain. Answer: Because almost all of the natural chlorine in the troposphere is watersoluble, so it is washed out of the atmosphere by rain before it can reach the stratosphere. CFCs are not water soluble, so they make it to the stratosphere. Students don t need to know the numbers, but over 99% of the chlorine in the troposphere is from natural sources (mostly sea salt and volcanic emissions) but 80% of the chlorine in the stratosphere is from CFCs and related anthropogenic chemicals. 2. Why does a lot of ozone occur naturally in the stratosphere but not very much in the troposphere? Answer: Because there is no source of deep ultraviolet light in the troposphere that s capable of dissociating oxygen molecules a step in the Chapman mechanism. 3. The figure below shows a surface-pressure map over Australia. Draw and label all the forces acting on a parcel of air at the surface where the black circle is. Answer: 4. At what time of year are the polar jet streams fastest? What is the most fundamental reason for this? On the map of the North America below, sketch the approximate path of the jet stream in the summer and in the winter. How does this change affect midlatitude cyclones? (When are you more likely to see severe cyclones and why?) 6 of 8 Wednesday March 25

6 Answer: It s fastest in the winter. Because the north/south temperature gradients are strongest then. In the winter, it s farther south and has a more pronounced meridional wave pattern. In the summer, it s farther north and has more of a zonal pattern. You expect more severe cyclones in the winter for two reasons: first, the polar front has a larger temperature gradient; second, the meridional circulation produces large changes in vorticity as the winds blow across the continent and this can strengthen cyclones by causing divergence aloft. 5. The air over Nashville is 26 C. The dewpoint is 16 C. The wet adiabatic lapse rate is 8 C/km. How high above the ground is the cloud base? How high must an updraft raise the air before rain becomes possible? (I am asking, what is the absolute minimum height for which rain could possibly occur, not a height at which it definitely would occur.) Answer: The cloud base is the lifting condensation level the altitude at which the temperature equals the dewpoint. The temperature of an air parcel falls at the dry adiabatic lapse rate, or 10 C/km. To reach the dewpoint, the air must cool by 10 C, so the cloud base is 1.0 km up. Precipitation in the Nashville area is dominantly produced by the Bergeron process, which requires temperatures below freezing (0 C). The air must rise at the wet rate from the lifting condensation level (cloud base) to the freezing point: 16 C/(8 C/km) = 2km above the cloud base, or 3 kmabove the ground. 6. On the map below, indicate approximately where the strongest subpolar low-pressure regions are in both hemispheres. What differences do we see between the patterns in the two hemispheres? 7 of 8 Wednesday March 25

7 What is the one most important reason for the difference between the two hemispheres? Answer: The difference is mostly that the southern subpolar low is truly zonal while the northern low breaks up in to two cyclonic systems: the Icelandic low and the Aleutian low. This occurs because the southern low sees an unbroken circle of ocean, while the northern lows see strong land-sea contrasts. The students don t have to have a completely unbroken band of southern subpolar lows (see textbook, Fig. 8-4), but they should convey the sense that the subpolar lows largely form a band around the southern sea while there are two well-localized subpolar lows in the Northern hemisphere. 8 of 8 Wednesday March 25

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