2. Identify each of the following statements as a reference to weather or climate.

Transcription

1 World Geography 3200/3202 Unit 2 Questions Name: Read Pages Explain the difference between Weather and Climate. 2. Identify each of the following statements as a reference to weather or climate. A. Heavy snowfall and whiteouts have reduced visibility to 30 per cent. B. The highest temperature on record was reached on September 13, 1992 in Al azizyah, Libia, 58 degrees Celsius. C. Vancouver has an annual frost free period of 233 days. D. We expect rain in the early afternoon continuing on through the evening. E. The greatest average annual precipitation - 11, 684 mm - falls on Mt. Waialeaie, Kauai, Hawaii. F. High winds of over 50 km/h are fanning forest fires north of Marseille. G. Residents throughout the gulf region are preparing to take shelter from the hurricane. 3. What are the main factors that affect both weather and climate?

2 4. Describe the typical climatic patterns we see for our area. Summer Fall Winter Spring 5. Refer to Fig. 4.2 on page 56. A. While earth is revolving around the Sun, what other kind of movement does it undergo once a day? B. Describe the direction in which this once daily movement occurs. C. Describe the movement of location X in the course of a September day. D. How does this movement relate to the occurrence of day and night? 6. How much is the Earth s axis tilted?

3 7. At which of the four Earth positions pictured in fig.4.2 is Earth s Axis? A. Leaning towards the sun. B. Leaning away from the sun. C. Leaning neither towards nor away from the sun. 8. Describe how the march of the seasons relates to Earth s revolution around the sun. 9. Identify the season that Canada experiences at each of positions A. B. C. D. 10. Identify the season that Argentina (South America) experiences at each position. A. B. C. D.

4 11. Explain why summer days are longer than winter days. 12. Explain why summer days are warmer than winter days. 13. Refer to fig. 4.3 on page 56. A. Describe how solar radiation reaches Earth. B. Which labeled areas receives daylight? C. Which labeled areas are experiencing night? Read Pages Why does only about one-half of the Sun s radiation reach Earth s surface? 15. In hot deserts, cloud cover is minimal during both day and night. What kind of temperature range over a 24-hour period would you expect in such area? Explain why.

5 Read Pages Scatter graphs are used to judge how strongly two factors are correl. If the dots plotted on a scatter-graph form a straight line a perfect correlation exists. A. Plot each location in fig. 4.5 on the scatter graph provided. B. Describe the degree of correlation between latitude and temperature. State any general pattern. 17. Examine the world maps showing July and January temperatures in fig. 4.7 on page 60. Using the maps, judge how valid the following statements are. Explain why or why not. A. West coast temperatures for North America and Eurasia are colder than inland temperatures on the same latitude. B. Low latitude temperatures are always hot.

6 C. In the high latitudes, there is a great difference between summer and winter temperatures. D. In the Southern Hemisphere, January is the cooler period. Read Pages During the day, air above land is typically warmer than air above the sea. At night, however, air above land is typically cooler than air above the sea. As a result, the temperature shown in fig. 4.8 are typical of some coastal areas at certain times of the year. A. Which way would the wind blow in the daytime? B. Which way would the wind blow in the nighttime? Read Pages Explain what is meant by a prevailing wind. 20. Describe how the major pressure belts form from the Earth s six convection cells. 21. Where are the four sources of high pressure among the belts?

7 22. What are the names of the major wind systems? Area of wind Name of wind 30 degrees North to the equator 30 degrees South to the equator 30 degrees North to 60 degrees North 30 degrees South to 60 degrees South North Pole to 60 degrees North South Pole to 60 degrees South 23. Earth s rotation creates an effect known as Coriolis force. Describe how this force affects each prevailing wind system, as shown in fig on page 64. Read Pages Compare the July map in fig with the July map in fig. 4.7 on page 60. Find an example of how a prevailing wind system influences temperature. 25. Refer to fig on page 66. A. The purple arrow represents warm, moist air blowing off the sea. What forces the air to rise? B. Identify a place in the world with coastal mountains. Which major wind system brings warm moist air to this coast? C. What happens to air temperature the farther up air rises?

8 D. Based on your answer to C, what happens to air s ability to hold moisture as air rises? E. At a certain level, air becomes saturated with water vapour. It reaches a level of condensation, at which excess water vapour changes to liquid form, and clouds and rain occur. Where would you label this level of condensation on the diagram? F. When air reaches the highest point of the mountain, what happens? Describe the change in air density and air temperature. G. This side of the mountain is called the Rainshadow. What climatic conditions would you expect here? Explain. 26. Refer to fig on p.66. A. The purple arrow in the bottom left corner of the diagram represents the air in a warm, moist air mass. The air occupying the lower right area of the diagram is a cold air mass. What happens to the warm air when it comes into contact with the colder air? B. What property of the colder air would force this change? C. How does air temperature change as a result? D. Explain what the horizontal dotted line in the left hand of the diagram represents. 27. Refer to fig on p.67. A. What force causes the air to rise in this diagram? B. What label would you give the pattern of air flow illustrated by the purple section?

9 C. In which season and under what conditions would you expect this type of precipitation to occur? D. Lightning and thunder often accompany this type of rainfall. These phenomena result from static electricity, which in turn results from friction between air molecules. Why do you think this friction develops most often in this type of rainfall rather than in the other types? 28. Locate the following cities on a map of the world. Indicate whether they are inland or near the coast. City Average Annual Rainfall (mm) Edmonton, Canada 460 Inland / Near Ocean Freetown, Sierra Leone Halifax, Canada Krasnoyarsk, Russia 249 Luanda, Angola 368 Mexico City, Mexico 709 Rangoon, Burma 2616 Tbilisi, Georgia 462 A. How does the location of each city affect its annual precipitation if at all? B. Account for the precipitation levels using relevant information about prevailing winds and types of rainfall.

10 Read Pages Refer to fig. 4.7 on page 60 which shows the patterns of ocean currents. Of the two colourcoded sets of currents, A. Which originate in the equatorial regions? Which colour are they? B. Which originate in the polar areas of the ocean? Which colour are they? 30. The average monthly temperatures of Antofagasta, Chile and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are shown below: J F M A M J J A S O N D Antofagasta, Chile (latitude 23 S) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (latitude 22 S) A. Describe the differences in temperatures. B. What information in fig. 4.7 on page 60 can help account for the differences? 32. Find the following pairs of locations on fig. 4.7 on page 60. Describe the differences in temperatures of each pair of locations and explain why they occur. A. Callao, Peru and Salvador, Brazil B. Prince Rupert, British Columbia, and Rigolet, Labrador 33. How can Palm Trees grow in Land s End England?

11 Read Pages Compare the heat retention of land and water. 35. What does the term temperature range mean? 36. Use the information in fig on page 70 to construct a scatter graph. Plot annual range of temperature on one axis and distance from the ocean on the other axis. Temp. Range Distance from the ocean A. Write a statement to describe the relationship between the two variables. Read Pages Explain why season seasonal winds of the winter and summer monsoon occur.

12 38. How does elevation affect temperature? 39. Explain why it is not possible to for Bolivians in La Paz to grow tropical region crops such as coffee, oranges and bananas. 40. According to fig on page 72, how do rainfall conditions differ on the windward and leeward sides of the mountains. 41. Analyze the climate stats in the diagrams below: Site A: J F M A M J J A S O N D Temp ( C) Prec. (mm) Site B: J F M A M J J A S O N D Temp ( C) Prec. (mm) Site C: J F M A M J J A S O N D Temp ( C) Prec. (mm)

13 A. Identify the site that: receives the most rainfall receives the least annual precipitation receives the most evenly distributed precipitation has the greatest range of temperature has the narrowest range of temperature has the most evenly distributed temperatures experiences a monsoon is closest to the equator is in the interior of the continent B. Match each site to one of the following locations. Justify your answers. Miami, Florida Medicine Hat, Alberta La Paz, Bolivia Halifax, Nova Scotia Bombay, India Nome, Alaska Site A: Site B: Site C: 42. Find each of the following locations on the world maps in this chapter that show factors affecting climate.

14 Location Alice Springs, Australia Elevation (m) Latitude Mean Minimum temp (c) Mean Maximum temp (c) S Annual Prec. (mm) Dakar, Senegal 0 15 N London, U.K N Prince George, Canada N Quito, Ecuador St. John s, Canada 0 47 N Winnipeg, Canada N A. For each location, indicate which factors are most influential on temperature, temperature range and precipitation. Possible factors to choose from are latitude elevation distance from the sea ocean currents In each case briefly explain how the factors affect the locations climate: Alice Springs, Australia Dakar, Senegal

15 London, U.K. Prince George, Canada Quito, Ecuador St. John s, Canada Winnipeg, Canada Read Pages Using fig. 5.1 on page 75 identify: Climatic Region the most widespread climatic region in the low latitudes two climatic subregions with dry conditions for most of the year the climatic region most widespread in North Africa

16 the continents that do not experience continental climates the climatic region in which you live 44. Using your own words and terms from fig. 5.3 on page 76, describe the following climographs:

17 A. Which two stations has the highest temperature range? B. How do you account for the reversal of the seasons between the two stations? C. Find each station on the map in fig. 5.1 on page 75 and identify its climatic region. Location Georgetown, Guyana Climatic Region Bombay, India Montreal, Canada Alice Springs, Australia 45. Fig. 5.4 shows three unlabelled climographs. Match them to either and explain your choices: (the numbers correspond to these locations) (top left, top right, bottom) 1. Toronto, Canada 2. Christchurch, New Zealand 3. Singapore 46. According to the climograph data you have seen so far, what general effect does distance from the equator have on temperature of a climatic region? Read Pages 77-82

18 47. Examine the climaograph below. Which statement best describes the climate represented? Answer: A. The rainy season experiences high rainfall. B. Changes in season are marked by temperature. C. Evaporation exceeds precipitation. D. High temperatures and heavy rainfall occur all year. E. Summers are hot, while winters are cool and dry. F. Temperatures remain high all year during both the day and night. G. Winters are long and cold; summers are short and warm. 48. What factors most influence the climate region of your community? Read Pages Case Study Growing Coffee in Brazil 49. Summarize the information in the case study in a circular calendar or a calendar timeline. Mark the sequence of activities required to grow coffee. Also show how the activities relate to specific climatic conditions. 50. Examine fig on page 84. The cost of the holiday package advertised is $1169 for departure in January from Toronto. The same package costs $929 for departure in early September. A. Why is there a cost difference?

19 B. What does this cost difference say about the effect of climatic conditions on human activity? Read Pages Read the Case Study Tornado Kills 400 in Bangladesh 51. Identify the factors which account for why the Bangladesh tornado was so destructive. Read the Case Study Hurricane Damage Protection in Florida 52. What were the measures in Bangladesh meant to protect? 53. What were the measures in the US measures meant to protect? 54. Compare the methods used to reduce the risk of storm wind and wave damage in Bangladesh and Southern Florida. 55. How do the obstacles that prevent Bangladesh from reducing the risk to property relate to its level of development?