Fjernmåling og modellering av oljesøl - på åpen sjø og i is

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1 Fjernmåling og modellering av oljesøl - på åpen sjø og i is Associate Professor, Camilla Brekke CIRFA (SFI) WP3 leader - Oil Spill Remote Sensing cirfa.uit.no

2 What we are aiming for Detection & characterization of oil spills on open water Photo: Øyvind Breivik, Met Norway. Modelling of oil behaviour, transport, & fate Oil spill detection in ice-infested waters Photo: D. Dickins. 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 2

3 Detection and characterization of oil spills by SAR Complex permittivity: Sea water: Crude oil: RISAT Antrix, processed by KSAT, all rights reserved 2015 C. Jones Radar signal responds to wave damping & volumetric fraction of emulsified oil as a mixture of oil and seawater. 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 3

4 Discrimination between oil slicks and other dark features Wind shadowing Grease ice C. Brekke, Automatic Screening of Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery for Detection of Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment, PhD Thesis, April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 4

5 Characterization of oil slicks by multi-polarization SAR Radiagreen ebo plant oil (biogenic film simulator) Radiagreen ebo plant oil (biogenic film simulator) Balder crude oil Oseberg blend emulsion Oseberg blend emulsion Skrunes et al., Characterization of Marine Surface Slicks by Radarsat-2 Multi-Polarization Features, IEEE TGRS April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 5

6 Oil spill dispersion seen from space borne SAR Brekke et al., Oil spill dispersion in full-polarimetric and hybrid-polarity SAR, accepted by IGARSS Video/photo: Courtesy to Air Patrol Squadron Finland. Thanks also to NOFO for auxiliary information about the oil-on-water exercise April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 6

7 Oil-on-water field, June 2015) NOrwegian Radar oil Spill Experiment (NORSE2015) Oil releases: 3 emulsion and 1 plant oil (biogenic slick simulator). Left untouched! Data collection: Radarsat-2, TerraSAR-X, ALOS-2, RISAT-1, UAVSAR, photo, drifters, and weather data. Main objectives: To study evolution of oil slicks To study transport of oil slicks To study oil slick detection capabilities To study oil slicks characterization capabilities Radarsat-2, MDA Stavanger, Norway Stril Mariner: vessel conducting the releases and met/ocean observations. 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 7

8 Positioning of oil releases planned according to satellite imaging geometry UAVSAR Flight Track, Flight 1 Skrunes et al., A Multisensor Comparison of Experimental Oil Spills in Polarimetric SAR for High Wind Conditions, JSTARS April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 8

9 Timing of oil releases planned according to satellite overpass Skrunes et al., A Multisensor Comparison of Experimental Oil Spills in Polarimetric SAR for High Wind Conditions, JSTARS April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 9

10 The slicks were monitored by UAVSAR for 8 hours after release Parameter Frequency Resolution Operational Altitude Swatch Width Polarization Repeat Track Accuracy Transmit Power Radiometric Calibration Noise Floor Value L-Band to MHz (23.8 cm wavelength) 1.7 m Slant Range, 1.0 m Azimuth 12.5 km 22 km Quad-Polarization (HH, HV, VH, VV) ± 5 meters > 3.1 kw 1.2 db absolute, 0.5 db relative -47 db average 2 flights 22 quad-polarimetric SAR scenes at L-band UAVSAR in Stavanger, Norway C. Jones Photos: Camilla Brekke. 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 10

11 Drifters were released at P and E80 to provide position and sea surface temperature at 10 min intervals Drifters: 2 isphere (subject to direct wind drift) 2 Self Locating Datum Marker Buoy (submerged) Photo: Øyvind Breivik 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 11

12 Releases were left to develop under relatively high sea state with winds in the range 9 12 m/s SLDMB Drifter isphere SLDMB Drifter isphere Photos: Øyvind Breivik and NOFO 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 12

13 Time series of UAVSAR used to get position and size of evolving slicks 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 13

14 Thickness μ From UAVSAR: Relative position, extent, and spread in the 8 h following release 80:20 O:W 60:40 O:W 40:60 O:W Plant Oil April 2017 December CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 14

15 Parameters in Met Norway s OpenOil drift model tuned to fit UAVSAR measurements Oil represented by particles (seeded within contours from UAVSAR) Simulated transport of P and E80 (slicks with associated isphere and SLDMB drifters). Horizontal movement: Ambient current (two runs: SLDMB drifters or model) Wave-induced Stokes drift Windage ( 2% of surface wind) Vertical movement: Entrainment of oil surface elements by breaking waves Eddy diffusivity of submerged droplets (random walk scheme) Rise of submerged particles due to buoyancy Two free parameters: Entrainment rate Droplet radius 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 15

16 Trajectories show particles spending most time close to (far below) surface drift faster eastward (westward) Bulk of plant oil below surface shielded from strong eastward Stokes drift and surface wind. Trajectory mainly steered by currents and in agreement with UAVSAR observations. 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 16

17 Difference in depth profiles found, indicating a potential for slick discrimination based on transport 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 17

18 What we learned from this study Plant oil: Rapidly entrains Most oil stays below surface Reservoir of resurfacing oil Less wind-driven transport Mineral oil emulsion (80%) Slowly entrains Most oil stays at surface Stronger wind-driven transport Careful planning and interdisciplinary research team key factors for success! Jones et al., Measurement and Modeling of Oil Slick Transport, JGR: Oceans April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations December 18

19 Comparison of multi-polarization SAR configurations TerraSAR-X (X-band) Radarsat-2 (C-band) UAVSAR (L-band) RISAT-1 (C-band) Skrunes et al., A Multisensor Comparison of Experimental Oil Spills in Polarimetric SAR for High Wind Conditions, JSTARS Espeseth et al. Analysis of Evolving Oil Spills in Full-Polarimetric and Hybrid-Polarity SAR, TGRS (accepted March 2017). 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 19

20 Large ice tank experiment March-April 2017): Oil spill detection in sea ice-infested waters Suit of remote sensing sensor: Tomographic SAR Wideband radar Fluorescent hyperspectral laser Hyperspectral camera IR camera Surface roughness sensor In-situ measurements: Photo: Camilla Brekke CIRFA & MOSIDEO collaboration! 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 20

21 Generation of granular and columnar sea ice in Arctic Environmental Test Basin at HSVA Type 2 Type 2 Type 1 Day 1: Ca +3 C Photo: Camilla Brekke Photo: Camilla Brekke Day 7: Ca -15 C Rolf-Ole Rydeng Jenssen 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 21

22 Timeline and phases of the experiment +3 Set-up -15 Ice growth Topography generation 320 L Troll A Oil injection Encapsulation -5-2 Melt Turn off cooling Day 1 Day 2 Day 11 Day 13 Day 14 Day 17 Day 18 Day 20 Day 21 Prestudies of oil migration in sea ice at Norut Narvik Photo: Megan O'Sadnick. O Sadnick et al., The entrainment and migration of crude oil in sea ice, the use of vegetable oil as a substitute, and other lessons from laboratory experiments, Proc. Of 24 th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, June 11-16, 2017, Busan, China. 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 22

23 Tomographic SAR for detection of migrating oil Band Polar T Worst T Best X VV 3h 2h X VV-VH 6h 4h C VV 2h 1.5h C VV-VH 4h 2.5h Experiment with TomoSAR on-going in Arctic Environmental Test Basin Ku band also possible 4 April 2017 CIRFA Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations 23