Non-exhaust particles from road traffic the Nordic experience. Mats Gustafsson, Ph.D.

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1 Non-exhaust particles from road traffic the Nordic experience Mats Gustafsson, Ph.D.

2 Outline The Nordic situation Main sources Factors influencing suspension from road surface Mitigation NORTRIP model Knowledge gaps Conclusions Photo: Göran Blomqvist

3 The Nordic situation Snowy and icy roads in winter (October-March) Studded winter tyres used in Norway, Sweden and Finland Winter road operation with sand and salt

4 MAIN PARTICLE SOURCES

5 Main PM 10 emission sources 1. pavement wear affected by tyre and pavement properties 2. winter operation affected by use and properties of traction sanding 3. brake and tyre wear minor sources during the problematic season (late winter - early spring)

6 PM 10 [mg m -3 ] Influence of tyre type on direct PM 10 emission Studded tyre Friction tyre (non-studde winter tyre) Summer tyre Studded winter tyres 3 30 km/h 50 km/h 70 km/h Non-studded Nordic winter tyres 2 1 Summer tyres 0 12:00 11:00 13:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 16:00 18:00 19:00 17:00 18:00 Time [hh:mm] Time [hh:mm]

7 PM 10 and studded tyre use in tunnel, Stockholm Studded tyre share (%) Figure: Michael Norman, SLB-Analys, Stockholm

8 Road pavement properties affecting direct PM 10 emissions from studded tyre wear Pavement property Construction Maximum stone size (D max ) Rock wear resistance Alt 1.: Rubber mixed asphalt Alt. 2.: Porous asphalt Alt. 3.: Concrete Influence on direct emission No comparable tests. Focus on the most durable SMA type. Higher D max results in lower emissions Higher wear resistance results in lower emissions Slightly lower emissions than reference asphalt No effects yet assigned to the construction. Low emission, but assigned to more durable rock Higher direct emissions than reference asphalt, but lower total wear. Lower total emission in reality?

9 Winter road sanding affects direct and suspended PM 10 emission Kupiainen et al., 2011, KAPU-project

10 Uncertainties regarding sources The contribution from pavement wear and sand as well as the interaction (sand wearing pavement) and its variation in time and space. Results from NASTA project (Finland) show that about 50 % comes from pavement and 25 % from sand. One street and one sand material in one season.

11 FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSPENTION FROM ROAD SURFACE

12 Road surface moisture rules PM 10 emission from road surface Hornsgatan v Dry Dry Dry 9 PM10 Vägfukt PM10, µg/m Humid Humid Humid : : : : : : :00 Datum Christer Johansson, SLB-analys

13 Winter road salting affects surface humidity

14 DL<180 (g/m2) Pavement surface texture influences dust load Road dust Hjulspår in wheel track MTD (mm)

15 Texture histograms of some Stockholm streets

16 Traffic? Direct emission Traffic amount and composition Studded tyre frequency Speed emission: linear relationship (studded tyres) Suspension Traffic amount and composition Speed

17 MITIGATION

18 Mitigation of PM Minimize the sources a. Improve wear properties of materials b. Reduce the wear potential of traffic 2. Minimize suspension to air a. Remove dust from road surface (sweeping, vacuuming) b. Bind dust to road surface (dust binding) c. Adjust traffic (less traffic, lower speed, less heavy vehicles) 3. Optimized strategies combining 1 and 2

19 Used measures for PM 10 mitigation Measure Norway Sweden Finland Reduce studded tyres Fees in cities since 2000 Prohibition in certain streets since Improved pavements Improved since the 90ies Tested in Norrköping - Improved sand material - - Tests in Helsinki Dust binding MgCl 2 MgCl 2, CMA CaCl 2 Sweeping/ vacuuming In combination with dust binding Tests in some larger cities Ambitious winter sand removal. Tests within KAPU and REDUST projects Speed reductions Environmental speed limits Tests -

20 Example: mitigation in Stockholm Two streets normal operation PLUS treated with dust binder (CMA), an advanced street scrubber (high pressure water cleaning, vacuuming and sweeping) and water flushing. Two streets normal operation (references)

21 Acc. number of exceedances Accumulated number of days above 50 µg/m 3 PM 10 Treated street Hornsgatan Reference street Folkungagatan } } Treated street Sveavägen Reference street Norrlandsgatan } } Christer Johansson SLB-analys, Stockholm

22 Are the Nordic countries reaching limit values? Norway yes, for the last 6 years Finland yes (are using the possibility to subtract winter sanding/salting events) Sweden no was first time ok in Stockholm, but 2013 looks bad Seasonal meteorology very important for the possibilities not to exceed limit values. Mitigation combination and strategies important for success.

23 THE NORTRIP MODEL NON-EXHAUST ROAD TRAFFIC INDUCED PARTICLE EMISSION MODELLING

24 The NORTRIP model Aim: to gather all relevant information on non-exhaust emission processes into a tool for air quality prediction, planning and understanding Denby et al. Atmospheric Environment 77 (2013) Part II recently submitted

25 Drainage Spray Cleaning Drainage Spray Ploughing Ploughing Salt Wind suspension Traffic suspension Precipitation Evaporation condensation Traffic turbulence and heat flux The NORTRIP model concept Meteorological conditions Temperature, humidity and radiation Particles TSP PM 2.5 PM 10 Energy balance Wetting Salting Freezing temperature Vapour pressure: evaporation Surface moisture conditions Surface retention Retained wear Sanding Deposition Road surface Sand abrasion Sand crushing Wear road, brake and tyre Direct emissions Bruce Denby & Ingrid Sundvor, NILU

26 Example: Hornsgatan, Stockholm Bruce Denby & Ingrid Sundvor, NILU

27 KNOWLEDGE GAPS

28 Some important knowledge gaps How do the wear and winter sand sources contribute, interact and vary over space and time? Interaction between road surface texture moisture chemistry dust load dust emission Mitigation What are the optimal mitigation techniques and strategies? How can winter road operation measures interact with dust mitigation measures in strategies? Modelling: need for data supporting process modelling including influence of road operation measures

29 Conclusions Focus on road wear, road operation and suspension processes Sources and processes rather well known but still lack of data supporting relationships between influencing factors and emissions Mitigation partly successful, but optimized strategies are missing Model NORTRIP promising, but needs further development

30 On-going activities NRG Nordic Road dust Group (authorities and researchers) NORTRIP II planning Finnish REDUST project (Life+) best practises for road dust mitigation Railroad and road tunnel particle emissions Sweeping technologies and strategies Stockholm mitigation trials Alternative pavement projects (concrete, cinder) Pavement grinding project Modelling residual salt (MORS I & II) road moisture modelling input! WearTox II (toxicity of wear dust from pavements and brakes) and more. Thanks for your attention! Contact: mats.gustafsson@vti.se

31 Thanks for your attention! Contact:

32 Sweeping technologies and strategies Street tests Controlled tests Techniques? Strategies combine sweeping with other abatement methods When, where and how?

33 EU limit values for PM 10 in 2005 Choice of PM 10 for the directive means: the coarser the particles (within PM 10 ), the more important for limit values and the more effective to mitigate to reach limit values Especially important where sources to coarse fractions of PM 10 are strong.

34 Evaluation of road dust measures in Stockholm RST Texture (Sand patch)

35 PM10 emission from and road dust on concrete pavement Asphalt Concrete

36 Health Toxicology show at least as high inflammatory potential from road wear PM 10 as from diesel particles (Gustafsson et al., 2008) Epidemiology show that coarse fraction (PM ) in Stockholm has a significant effect on daily mortality (1.7% per 10 µg/m 3 ) (Meister et al., 2012) No reasons NOT to abate the coarse fraction.

37 Inflammation potential TNF-α pg/ml x 10 4 cells Cell studies PM10 from granite pavement PM10 from Hornsgatan PM10 from quartzite pavement PM10 from subway Diesel particles 0 Control Kontroll PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6

38 Road pavement properties affecting direct PM 10 emissions from studded tyre wear Pavement property Construction Maximum stone size (D max ) Rock wear resistance Alt 1.: Rubber mixed asphalt Alt. 2.: Porous asphalt Alt. 3.: Concrete Influence on direct emission No comparable tests. Focus on the most durable SMA type. Lower D max results in higher emissions Less wear resistance results in higher emissions Slightly lower emissions than reference asphalt No effects yet assigned to the construction. Low emission, but assigned to more durable rock Higher direct emissions than reference asphalt, but lower total wear. Lower total emission in reality?

39 Influence of rock material in same pavement construction worn by studded tyres

40 Largest stone size (D max ) and PM

41 Ef (mg/fkm) Rock material properties relates to PM10 emissions Nordic ball mill value (wear properties)

42 Normalized c Studded tyres at 50 km/h on Nordic and C- European pavements SMA pavement with durable rock Central European AC diorite Pavement type Central European AC limestone Studded winter tyres

43 Normalized c Non-studded tyres at 50 km/h on Nordic and C- European pavements SMA pavement with durable rock Central European AC diorite Pavement type Central European AC limestone Summer tyres Nordic winter tyres C-European winter tyres

44 Dust binding in Nordic cities Trondheim CaCl 2 MgCl 2 CMA Sugar Oslo Gothenburg Helsinki Stockholm Norrköping Linköping CMA MgCl 2 CMA/salt CMA + Austria, the Netherlands, Germany, UK

45 Aims: WearTox II Investigate what micro-textural properties within stone material that affect formation of inhalable particles and to investigate the toxicity in airways of coarse and fine pavement wear particles in relation to physical, chemical and morphological particle properties. RIVM finances the addition of brake wear particles to the study

46

47 Influence of tyre type (limestone pavement)

48 Influence of tyre type (limestone pavement)

49 Influence of tyre type (diorite pavement)

50 Influence of tyre type (diorite pavement)

51 Evaluation of road dust measures in Stockholm WDS

52 Effect of measures on PM 10 on Hornsgatan Road dust days (dry conditions) Vägdammsdagar Ratio treated/non-treated street Förhållande Ho/Fo / / / /2012 städning Previous seasons and nontreated 2011/2012 spolning Sweeping Flushing 2011/2012 CMA Dust binding CMA

53 Road dust (DL<180 µm) on streets

54 Mängd (g/m 2 ) Ions on street surface (Hornsgatan) Cl NO3-N SO4-S Ca Mg Na K Fo Ac

55 PM10 emission from and road dust on concrete pavement Asphalt Concrete

56 Precipitation Drainage Drainage Evaporation condensation Spray Spray Ploughing Ploughing Traffic turbulence and heat flux Cleaning Salt Wind suspension Traffic suspension Bruce Denby & Ingrid Sundvor, NILU The NORTRIP model concept Meteorological conditions Temperature, humidity and radiation Particles TSP PM 2. PM 10 5 Energy balance Wetting Salting Freezing temperature Vapour pressure: evaporation Retained wear Surface moisture conditions Surface retention Sanding Deposition Road surface Sand abrasion Sand crushing Wear road, brake and tyre Direct emissions

57 Mass Emission loading (g/km/hr) (g/m 2 ) Mass loading (g/m 2 ) Rates (g/km/hr) Emission Salting/sanding (g/km/hr) (g/m 2 ) Mass lo Traffic spe Example 30 of NORTRIP model application 0 25Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Date Hornsgatan : Emissions Date and mass balance Total Sanding/10 Road dust production Salting(Na) Direct dust Road Salting(Mg) dust sink Direct sand Suspended Sanding and Production salting events and sinks of road dust Studded tyre season Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Date Date Wet surface retention Dry surface suspension Suspendable dust Road salt(na) Dissolv ed salt(na) Suspendable sand Road wear dust loading Salt Suspendable sand 0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Date Hornsgatan : Emissions and mass balance Total Non-suspendable Direct dust sand Direct sand Suspended Direct and suspended emission Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecDate Jan Feb Mar Apr May Bruce Denby & Ingrid Sundvor, NILU

58 Examples: HCAB, Copenhagen Bruce Denby & Ingrid Sundvor, NILU

59 Winter operation strategies for minimized PM emissions Normal winter operation, Southern Sweden Winter Studded tires Salting NaCl Gritting October November December January February March April Example of alternative strategy Winter Studded tires Salting MgCl2 or CaCl2 Gritting Dust binding and anti-icing CMA October November December January February March April

60 Normalized c Relative differences at 50 km/h Summer Nordic winter C-European winter Studded winter 1 SMA pavement with durable rock AC diorite Pavement type AC limestone

61 Report on pavements and PM 10 Available at

62 Number of exceedances (PM10) Are the Nordic countries reaching limit values? Oslo Year

63 Strategies: REDUST (Finnish Life+ project) WP1 Demonstrating and finding the best practices to mitigate PM10 road dust WP1.1 Winter time practices WP1.2 Dust binding practices WP1.3 Street cleaning practices WP1.4 Emission factor development and mitigation potential of the practices WP2 Development of an optimized strategy to mitigate urban PM10 road dust WP3 Dissemination of results

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