COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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- Barbra Burke
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1 Name Air COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1. What are the two most abundant gases in the atmospherere? 2. Why do you think the percentage of water vapor in the air varies? 3. Would you classify carbon dioxide e as a compound or as an element? What about water vapor? Explain. 4. What elements make up the gas compounds found in the atmosphere? 5. Use a periodic to identify and list the gases in the atmosphere that are noble gases. 6. What else other than gases makes up the atmosphere? Give an example of each.
2 Air LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1. Name and describe the five layers of Earth's atmosphere. 2. What lies beyond t he thermosphere? Is there a clear boundary to Earth's atmosphere? 3. What is the division of Earth's atmosphere into layers based on? 4. How does the temperature change as you travel up through the layers? What accounts for these temperature differences? 5. Using the information on the transparency, approximately how high does each layer extend? What might you find in each layer? 6. What is the importance of the ozone layer? The ionosphere?
3 WATER CYCLE 1. What may form when falling precipitation runs off the surface of the ground? Explan in how the form of precipitation may affect runoff. 2. Where will most of the precipitation in this diagram fall? Why? In what direction will runoff water flow? How may the type of soil determine whether precipitation will soak into the land or run off? 3. Explain why runoff water may evaporate. 4. Explain why evaporated moisture condenses and falls to Earth. 5. Explain how groundwater may mix with runoff. 6. What is the water cycle?
4 Views of Earth LATITUDE/LONGITUDE 1. How many degrees are in a circle? in a half circle? in a quarter circle? 2. Imagine a large compass extending out from the center of Earth. It's set to measure 90. One point touches the equator. Where does the other point touch? 3. Explain why no place on Earth is more than 90 north or south of the equator. 4. Why are lines of latitude called parallels? 5. The equator represents 0 latitude. The prime meridian represents 0 longitude. Which is a circle? Which is a half circle? What name is given to the half circle that continues around Earth? 6. What other name is given to lines of longitude? Can a place on Earth be located more than 90 east or west? Explain. 7. Which reference point could be changed, the equator or the prime meridian? Explain.
5 MAJOR AIR CIRCULATION 1. Describe the following: a. polar easterlies b. westerlies: c. tradewinds: 2. What causes the wind systems on Earth? 3. What kind of wind systems would Earth have if it did not rotate? 4. Remember that air moves from areas of high density to areas of low density. Use that fact to explain the following. a. equatorial low: b. subtropical high: c. subpolar low: d. polar high:
6 Weather and Climate AIR MASSES 1. What causes the weather to change? 2. What is an air mass? 3. Air masses are classified according to their source region, or the region over which they develop. Use the following information to identify the source regions of the four basic types of air masses: m =maritime (water), c =continental ( land ), P =polar (high latitudes), T =tropical ( low latitudes). 4. The symbols mp, cp, mt, and ct are used to describe th e temperature and humidity of an air mass. What would be the temperature and moisture level in each of the four basic types of air masses? 5. Six major air masses affect the United States. 'Which air masses affect your area? How do they contribute to your weather?
7 6. Draw the six major air masses that affect tile U.S. and tell what the temp and moisture of each is. 7. Look at the station model, tell the temperature, wind direction, pressure, change in pressure, cloud cover, and dew point. Also tell what the weather should be like Temperature Pressure Change in Pressure Dew Point Wind Direction Wind Speed Cloud Cover Weather Conditions
8 Weather and Climate TYPES OF FRONTS 1. What is a front? 2. How do fronts affect the weather? 3. Look at pictures of fronts and describe what is happening. Warm front: Cold front: Occluded front: Stationary front: 4. Why are clouds and precipitation associated with each type of front?
9 Weather Maps Purpose: To identify high and low pressure areas and weather fronts on a weather map. Procedure: Part I. 1. On the simplified Weather Map A connect with a solid line all reporting stations that have the same air pressure readings. (Note: The mb (160) line has been drawn: it is called an isobar. No isobar will cross another isobar.) 2. Label the center of the HIGH pressure area with an "H" and the center of the LOW pressure area with an "L." Questions Part I: 1. What is an isobar? 2. How are high and low pressure areas determined? 3. How does the wind speed where the isobars are close together compare with the wind speed where they are farther apart? _ 4. What determines wind speed? Part II. 1. On the simplified Weather Map B repeat Procedure 1. Record on the isobar the actual millibar air pressure reading. Normal air pressure ranges from mb to mb. 2. Using symbols, indicate the type of fronts that exist from A to B, B to D, and B to C. Questions Part II: 1. Name the two air masses that are colliding to form the fronts you labeled. 2. How are the fronts identified on a weather map?
10 Practice in Reading a Weather Map Complete the weather information chart for the 3 cities listed. Answer the questions. Record the weather conditions in Miami by interpreting the symbols. 1. In which city (Oklahoma City, Chicago, Toronto) is the pressure rising? 2. Which city will experience the cold front next? 3. Which city will experience gentle rains for the next several days? 4. Miami weather conditions: Temp Cloud Cover Wind Speed & Direction Pressure
11 Air Masses and Fronts Part 1. Air Masses Complete the chart about each of the following air masses that affect the weather in the United States. Characteristic Where does the Air Mass Symbol Temperature and air mass form Humidity Maritime Tropical Continental Polar Maritime Polar Continental Tropical Area of the country that feels the effect of the air mass Part II. Fronts Below is a diagram showing a cross section of 2 fronts commonly found along a low pressureweather system in the United States. Complete the diagram by labeling and drawing the information requested. Answer questions 1-5 Draw and Label: cumulonimbus clouds stratus clouds cirrus clouds Label: cold front warm front clear skies 1. Along which front would thunderstorms and possibly tornadoes be found? 2. Which city is having gentle rains? 3. Which city is having heavy rainfalls? 4. Which city will experience the weather along the cold front next? 5. Draw the symbol meteorologists use to indicate each of the following fronts on a weather map. Stationary front Cold front Warm front Occluded front
12 Humidity 1. Water vapor in the air is 2. Humidity depends on the of the air. 3. water vapor can exist in warm air than in cold air. 4. Air is when it contains the maximum amount of water vapor at that temperature. 5. indicates the percent of saturation. 6. Two tools used to measure relative humidity are the and the 7. Relative humidity if found by using the in temperature between a wet and dry bulb thermometer reading from a sling psychrometer. 8. is the temperature where the relative humidity will be 100%. 9. When the air temperature falls to or below the moisture in the form of dew or frost will collect on the ground and other surfaces. Use the data chart given to you to determine the relative humidity of the air for the following sling psychrometer readings. Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Difference Relative Humidity Reading Reading Between Readings a. 15 C 10 C b. 25 C 15 C c. 30 C 25 C d. 23 C 19 C e. 16 C 15 C f. 12 C 5 C g C 8 C
13 Weather and Climate CLOUD TYPES 1. How are clouds classified? 2. What are the four basic types of clouds according to shape? Describe each type and the weather associated with it. 3. What are the four levels of cloud heights? 4. List the ten cloud types on the transparency according to their height Why do some clouds have names such as cumulonimbus and cirrostratus? What do these names tell you?
14 Clouds and Precipitation 1. How does temperature affect humidity? 2. Why does warm air rise? 3. Why does air cool when it rises? 4. How do clouds form? 5. Complete the chart below about the types of clouds in Figures 1-4. Type Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Description Weather Match the terms in Column I with their descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct description in the bland at the left of the term in Column I. Column I 6. Snow 7. Rain 8. Sleet 9. Hail Column II a. Water drops that fall when the temperature is above freezing. b. Water drops that fall when the temperature is below freezing and become solid. c. Water drops that freeze in layers around small nuclei of ice during thunderstorms. d. Snow that falls through a layer of warm air, melts, and refreezes near the ground.
15 Clouds Match the word roots to their general meaning by writing the word in the space next to the description. A. cirrus B. alto C. stratus D. cumulus E. nimbus Write the name of the cloud described. 1. Produces storms and/or precipitation (rain). 2. Clouds of middle height. 3. Puffy like a marshmallow, often vertical. 4. A low layer of cloud, like a blanket. Covers most of the sky. 5. High clouds. Thin and wispy, like a feather. 6. High clouds that look like ripple or waves of tiny puffs. 7. A low dark layer completely covering the sky which produces heavy rain. 8. A puffy vertical cloud up to 20 km high responsible for severe storms including heavy rain, hail and lightening. Sometimes called a thunderhead. 9. Clouds form when moist air rises. 10. This rising air creates an area of pressure. 11. Warm air rises because it is than cold air. 12. Cold air falling creates an area of pressure. 13. Cold air falls because it is than warm air. 14. When warm moist air rises it causing the water vapor to and form clouds. 15. Rising air because the upper regions of the troposphere are than the regions near the ground.
16 Practice Quiz True or False 1. A cold front forms cumulonimbus clouds. 2. A large body of air that has the same characteristics as the surface over which it is formed is an air mass. 3. High pressure means stormy weather. 4. An air mass that is cold and dry is Maritime Polar. 5. An air mass that is warm and dry is Continental Tropical. 6. Nimbostratus clouds are formed during a warm front. 7. The flow of current from opposite electrical charges is lightening. 8. A front that forms and stays in an area for several days is an occluded front. 9. The air mass that most affects Minnesota is Continental Polar. 10. Heavy rains occur when raindrops collide and get smaller. Completion 11. Type of pressure associated with fair weather. 12. Low pressure is formed along these areas. 13. When two air masses meet, what is formed? 14. The rapid upward movement of warm air forms this type of severe weather. 15. The rapid expansion of air due to the heat of lightening. 16. A violent, whirling wind that moves over land. 17. A large, swirling, low pressure system that forms over oceans. 18. One reason a tornado is dark is because of this. 19. All weather changes occur because of a change in this. 20. As warm air rises, this type of pressure is formed.
17 Multiple Choice Circle the best choice 21. When the air contains all the water vapor it can it is said to be a. drenched b. humid c. saturated d. air mass 22. When two air masses meet and form a boundary a. cloud b. humidity c. front d. dew point 23. The amount of water vapor in the air compared to the amount the air can contain a. relative humidity b. barometric pressure c. humidity d. dew point 24. When warm air slides over a cloud air mass a. cold front b. warm front c. stationary front 25. When cold air pushes warm air up rapidly forming a cumulonimbus cloud and precipitation a. cold front b. warm front c. occluded front d. stationary front 26. When a front has pressure differences that cause it to stay for several days. a. warm front b. cold front c. occluded front d. stationary front 27. Warm air rises, condenses, and saturated air reaches it's dew point what is formed a. cloud b. precipitation c. low pressure d. all of the above 28. A swirling wind. of low pressure system that forms over tropical oceans a. thunderstorm b. tornado c. hurricane d. thunder 29. A violent wind that forms over land a. thunderstorm b. hurricane c. tornado d. thunder 30. When warm air rises. condenses. bringing precipitation. lightening and thunder a. high pressure b. tornado c. thunderstorm d. hurricane 31. When cold air sinks, water vapor evaporates, creating fair weather a. low pressure b. high pressure c. condensation d. saturation 32. A line connecting equal points of pressure a. isotherm b. isobar c. high pressure 33. A line connecting equal points of temperature a. isobar b. isotherm c. low pressure 34. When strong winds are created from heavy rains. this is due to a. backdraft b. hail c. tornado d. downdraft 35. When two isobars of different pressure are close together a. strong winds b. gentle winds 36. When two isobars of different pressure are far apart a. strong winds b. gentle winds 37. The climate that receives direct rays from the sun a. Tropical b. Temperate c. Polar 38. Climate from the poles to 661/2 degrees N & S latitude a. Tropical b. Temperate c. Polar 39. Climate that has hot summers. cold winters. mild spring and fall a. Tropical b. Temperate c. Polar 40. The gases most responsible for the Greenhouse effect a.c02 b. methane c. CFC 's
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