1. The and the act as one interdependent system. 2. Why do we have to study both to understand the relationship?

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1 Ch. 6 Questions Air Sea Interaction (pg. 162) 1. The and the act as one interdependent system. 2. Why do we have to study both to understand the relationship? 3. energy heats up the of the Earth and creates, which, in turn drive most of the and in the ocean. 4. What is responsible for the motion in the atmosphere and the ocean? 5. What two extreme weather related issues are related to the changes in ocean conditions? 6. How long ago do we recognize the relationship between El Niño and weather related events? 7. Air-sea interactions influence the, too. 8. What tool is helping to research and evaluate data about the interaction between the air and the sea? 6.1 What causes Earth s Seasons (pgs ) 9. What is the degree of the Earth s tilt? 10. Complete the table Latin Meaning Where is the Sun? Season (N. Hemisphere) Vernal Equinox Sol = sun Stitium = a stoppage

2 11. Label the sketch with the following: summer, fall, winter, spring, June, September, December, March and either solstice or equinox. 12. The Arctic Circle is located at North and the Antarctic Circle is located at South. 6.2 How Does Uneven Heating Affect Earth pgs Why does the shape of the Earth impact the amount of sunlight that hits the surface of the Earth? 14. What position on the Earth receives the most direct sunlight? 15. How does the amount of sunlight received change as you go from the equator to the north pole? 16. Define albedo. 17. The Earth s average albedo is %. 18. The albedo at the equator is about % while at the poles it is about %. Oceanic Heat Flow 19. Close to the poles, much strikes Earth s surface at angles. Combined with the albedo if ice, more energy is back into space than. In contrast, between north latitude and south latitude, sunlight strikes Earth at much angles and more energy is than back into space. 20. Briefly explain Figure 6.3.

3 6.3 What Physical Properties Does the Atmosphere Possess? Pgs What is the approx. composition percentage for each of the following of dry air? a. Nitrogen: % d. Carbon Dioxide: % b. Oxygen: % e. All Others: c. Argon: % 2. Figure 6.4 in the book shows the first two layers of the atmosphere. Using the diagram below, create a line roughly indicating the temperature changes within the layers of the atmosphere. The line should change directions in between each layer (zig zag back and forth). 3. air is less dense so it ; this is commonly expressed as heat rises. 4. air is dense, so it. 5. What is a convection cell (See figure 6.5)? 6. What determines the amount of water vapor in the air? 7. air is typically, and conversely, air is typically. 8. Atmospheric pressure is atmosphere3 ( pounds per square inch) at sea level and with increasing altitude. 9. What determines pressure? 10. What can cause the movement of air?

4 11. Air always moves from pressure regions toward pressure regions. This moving air is called. 12. Sketch the direction of movement of air IF THE EARTH WERE NOT SPINNING (FIG. 6.7) 13. Briefly explain the movement you have in your sketch. 14. Which way do surface winds blow? 15. What makes this process a convection or circulation cell?

5 6.4 - How Does the Coriolis Effect Influence Moving Objects? Pgs The changes the intended of a body. 2. The Coriolis Effect causes moving objects on Earth to follow paths. In the Northern Hemisphere, an object will follow a path to the of its intended direction. 3. Although the Coriolis effect has influence on all moving objects, it is more pronounced on objects traveling distances, especially or. 4. The Earth s rotation is to the and this causes the Coriolis Effect. 5. Why does the difference of speed between the different latitudes play a part in this? 6. Briefly summarize either the merry go round or the tale of two missiles passage. 7. Using Table 6.3, complete the summary. The Coriolis Effect is caused by Earth s and the resulting in velocity with latitude. The Coriolis Effect influences all, especially those that over distances. The Coriolis Effect changes only the of a moving object, never its. Coriolis is to the in the N. Hemisphere and to the in the S. Hemisphere. The Coriolis Effect is at the equator and with increasing latitude, reaching its strength at the.

6 6.5 What Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Exist? (pgs ) 1. Fill in the blanks CIRCULATION CELLS: 30 and and 90 adjoining atmosphere circulate density differences direction dry equatorial expand expansion Ferrel Hadley latitude lower opposite polar rises vapor The greater heating of the over the equator causes the air to, to decrease in, and to rise. As the air, it cools by because the pressure is, and the water it contains condenses and falls as rain in the zone. The resulting air mass travels north or south of the equator. Around 30 degrees north and south, he air cools off enough to become denser than the surrounding air, so it begins to descend completing the loop. These circulation cells are called cells. In addition to Hadley cells, each hemisphere has a cell between degrees latitude and a cell between degrees latitude. The Ferrel cell is not driven solely by in solar heating; if it were, air within it would in the direction. Similar to the movement of interlocking gears, the Ferrel cell moves in the that coincides with the movement of the two circulation cells. 2. What creates high pressure? 3. Where are subtropical highs found? 4. Where are polar highs located? 5. What type of weather is experienced in these high pressure areas? 6. A column of, low density air away form the surface at the surface and creates low pressure. Thus rising air creates a band of pressure at the - the equatorial - and at about 60 north and south latitude the low. The weather in areas of pressure is dominated by condition with lots of, because rising air cools and cannot hold its. Wind Belts Matching Write the correct letter on the line provided. 7. From the subtropical high-pressure belts toward the equatorial low-pressure belt 8. Descending air in the sub-tropic regions 9. Air moves away from the high pressure at the poles. Word Bank A. Polar Easterlies B. Prevailing Westerlies C. Trade Winds

7 Boundaries (or using table 6.4) 10. Where are the doldrums located? 11. What makes the doldrums unique? 12. What is the ITCZ? 13. Where are the horse latitudes? 14. How did they get their name? 15. What is the name of the final boundary and what type of weather conditions occur here? 16. What 3 additional factors alter the idealized patterns identified by Ferrel? a. b. c.

8 6.6 What Weather and Climate Patterns Does the Ocean Exhibit? (pg ) 1. Explain the difference between weather and climate? Winds 2. Recall that air always moves from pressure toward pressure and that the movement of air is called. However, as air moves from high-pressure regions and low-pressure regions, the effect modifies its direction. In the Northern Hemisphere, for example, air moving from high to low pressure curves to the and results in a flow of air around low-pressure cells (called cyclonic flow). 3. Using Figure 6.12, create a quick sketch of the movement of high and low pressures and wind. 4. Define sea breeze. 5. During what time of day do land breezes occur? Why? 6. are atmospheric disturbances characterized by strong winds, precipitation, and often thunder and lightning. 7. are large volumes of air that have a definite area of origin and distinctive characteristics. Matching Write the letter on the line provided 8. Air mass that forms over land 9. Air mass that forms over water Word Bank A. Continental B. Polar C. Maritime D. Arctic E. Tropical 10. Air mass that forms in a cold region 11. Air mass that forms over a warm region 12. Air mass that forms over a frigid regions

9 Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)(pg. 179) 13. Define tropical cyclone. 14. What is the difference between typhoons and cyclones? 15. Remarkably, what tropical storms is the release of vast amounts of water s latent of condensation that is carried from water and condenses to form in a hurricane. A tropical cyclone begins as a pressure cell that breaks away from the equatorial low-pressure belt and grows as it picks up heat in the following manner. Surface winds feed into the storm. When water evaporates, it stores tremendous amounts of heat in the form of latent heat of evaporation. When water vapor into a liquid, it releases this stored heat latent heat of condensation into the surrounding, which causes surface pressure to, drawing additional warm moist surface air even more latent heat, further powering the storm and continuously repeating itself, each time the storm. Using the Saffir-Simpson Scale provided to answer the questions. 16. Barometric pressure goes as the storm intensifies. (up or down) 17. A Category storm has winds that create moderate damage including larger signs and tree branches blown down. 18. A Category 5 storm has winds more than mph and storm surges more than feet. 19. A Category 4 storm has barometric pressure between and, with winds between and. 20. Circle the picture below that shows a Category 5 storm.

10 The Ocean s Climate Patterns (pg. 186) 21. How are the world s oceans divided? 22. Complete the table. Regions Location Weather/Climate Wind Patterns Equatorial Daily rain shadows, just north and south of the equator are breeding grounds for hurricanes N/S of the Equatorial Regions up to the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn Strong westerly winds (the prevailing westerlies) blowing from the SW in the H. Hem and the NW in the S. Hem Subpolar

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12 6.7 - How Do Sea Ice and Icebergs Form? (pg ) 1. Define sea ice. 2. What is the difference between sea ice and icebergs? 3. How does sea ice form? 4. What is pancake ice? 5. How does temperature effect the formation of sea ice? 6. Figure 6.22 shows a change in the arctic ice between 1979 and Explain the change and what scientists believe has caused the change. 7. How do icebergs form? 8. Where do many icebergs form? 9. How far south have they traveled? 10. What is an ice shelf? 11. What is an example of how large icebergs may be? 12. What is happening with the Antarctic Peninsula s Larsen Ice Shelf? 13. What is the rate of warming in this region?