External Dosimetry at NPPs; NVLAP, Noble Gas, and TEDE
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1 External Dosimetry at NPPs; NVLAP, Noble Gas, and TEDE Joseph L Danek - CHP 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 1
2 Part 1 National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) for Personnel Dosimetry 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 2
3 NVLAP- Personnel Dosimetry For Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) NRC regulations, 10 CFR (d), require all personnel dosimeters to be NVLAP accredited; (d) All personnel dosimeters (except for direct and indirect reading pocket ionization chambers and those dosimeters used to measure the dose to the extremities) that require processing to determine the radiation dose and that are used by licensees to comply with (Occupational Dose Limits for Adults), with other applicable provisions of this chapter, or with conditions specified in a license must be processed and evaluated by a dosimetry processor Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 3
4 NVLAP- Personnel Dosimetry (continued) (1) Holding current personnel dosimetry accreditation from the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and (2) Approved in this accreditation process for the type of radiation or radiations included in the NVLAP program that most closely approximates the type of radiation or radiations for which the individual wearing the dosimeter is monitored Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 4
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11 NVLAP- Personnel Dosimetry Neutron Correction Factors; Conduct neutron surveys in containment at power (energy spectrum and flux) to determine need for correction factor(s) to dosimeter. NVLAP tests for moderated Cf-252 (average 550 kev). Determined average neutron energy of 20-50keV (fast neutron range) at 100 percent power. For spent fuel pool transfer to dry cask storage, CR-39 dosimeter can be used to determine neutron energies between 200 kev to 6 MeV. Results indicated < 200keV Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 11
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18 Part 2 Noble Gas Dosimetry 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 18
19 Noble Gases 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 19
20 Remote Sample of Containment Air at Power 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 20
21 Containment Air Sample During Head Lift Outage 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 21
22 mrem/hr Dose Rate Measured During Head Lift Outage SDE (mrem/ hr) in Containment During Head Lift Max Xe-133 Concentration = 4.53E-4 uci/cc Xe-133 Conc = 86% of Total NG 20 Average SDE = 17 mrem/hour Action Level: SDE = 6.25 mrem/hour 5 0 3/ 26/ :48 3/ 26/ :00 3/ 26/ :12 3/ 26/ :24 3/ 26/ :36 3/ 26/ :48 3/ 27/ :00 3/ 27/ :12 3/ 27/ :24 3/ 27/ :36 3/ 27/ :48 date and time 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 22
23 TLD Badge Capabilities The covering of the open window of the badge used at xxx is about 17 mg/cm 2 Besides all the other test categories of the NVLAP proficiency testing, the badge used at xxx is accredited to the beta and beta/photon mixture category. Kr-85 and Sr-90 are the two sources used in the test (Kr- 85 low energy and Sr/Y-90 high energy) Kr-85 Beta E ave = 260 kev Sr/Y-90 Beta E ave = 840 kev 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 23
24 TLD Badge Capabilities For exposure to airborne materials including noble gases, the shallow dose equivalent from beta particles and photons is determined using personnel dosimeters except: Shallow (skin) dose resulting from exposure to low energy beta particles emitted by some noble gases such as Xe-133 (E ave = 101 kev) 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 24
25 Effect of Submersion in Cloud of Radioactive Gas 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 25
26 Submersion Model in a Cloud of Radioactive Gas (ICRP 30) 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 26
27 Noble Gas Sampling and Dose Calculations Collect a one liter Marinelli sample and analyze using gamma spectroscopy. Minimize time between collection and analysis due to short half-life Ensure that volume is entered in cc Calculate the shallow dose equivalent rate from beta particles by multiplying the noble gas concentration by its corresponding dose factor and summing the dose rate for the nuclides detected (Form HP-95) 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 27
28 HP-95 Rev. 3/24/08 AIR SUBMERSION SDE CALCULATION WORKSHEET HP-95 Sample Date: 26-Mar-02 Sample Time: 19:20 RWP #: Location: U-4 Containment 58' Sample Log Ref. #: Nuclides Beta Dose Factors mrem/hr/uci/cc Activity (uci/cc) Calculated SDE Rate in mrem/hr Ar E+05 NA NA Kr E E Kr-85m 1.67E+05 NA NA Kr E+06 NA NA Kr E+05 NA NA Xe-131m 5.43E E Xe E E Xe-133m 1.13E E Xe E+05 NA NA Xe-135m 8.12E+04 NA NA Xe E+06 NA NA Xe E+05 NA NA Total: Effective Shallow Dose Equivalent Rate mrem/hr: Notes: 1) To calculate the SDE rate, multiply the Activity by the Beta Dose Factor. 2) For multiple nuclides, calculate the SDE rate for each and then sum them together for the Total Calculated SDE Rate. 3) If the Total Calculated SDE Rate from the identified nuclides is less than 6.25 mrem/hr, then enter zero for the Effective Shallow Dose Equivalent Rate; otherwise enter the Total Calculated SDE Rate as the Effective SDE Rate rounded to the nearest whole number. 4) Enter the Effective Shallow Dose Equivalent Rate on Form HP-2. 5) Forward this calculation worksheet with the isotopic printout(s) and HP-2 to Dosimetry and the HPSS for review. Comments: Worksheet Prepared By: Date: (print and sign) Reviewed by Dosimetry: Reviewed By HPSS: (print and sign) (print and sign) Date: Date: 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 28
29 Summary Noble gases are inert. Principal noble gas is Xe-133. Ar-41 is present in containment air and is produced by neutron activation. For exposure by submersion in noble gases, external irradiation will be of such overriding importance that it alone need be considered. Although exposure to noble gases does not present a significant radiological hazard, exposure to noble gases can present challenging issues regarding personnel monitoring 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 29
30 Review (Continued) The beta dose rate is calculated by multiplying the noble gas concentration times the corresponding dose rate factor. The beta dose is calculated and added to the worker s dose record because the TLD badge can not adequately measure the beta dose to the skin The contribution of noble gas particulate daughter activity to the total DACF and to the external dose is negligible. [ Daughter products from the decay of Noble Gases Kr-88 (Kr-88 Rb-88) and Xe-138 (Xe-138 Cs-138) ] 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 30
31 Part 3 Multi-Badging and Use of EDE at NPPs 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 31
32 CONTENT Definition and history of Effective Dose Equivalent ANSI N13.41 method for calculating EDE Impact of EDE on RP program 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 32
33 EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT TEDE = EDE + CEDE where: EDE = Σ W T H T Σ W C DDE C TODE = DDE + CDE 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 33
34 HISTORY OF EDE (I) ICRP-26 (Weighting Factors) NEW PART 20 W T footnote in says use 1.0 until guidance is issued. Until then, says assign highest DDE DOE uses EDE (Savanna River) NCRP-122 (Front / Back Algorithm) Medical uses EDE (Conference of Radiation Control Programs EDE with lead apron) = (1.5 * waist) + (0.04 * neck) 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 34
35 HISTORY OF EDE (II) ANSI N13.41, Criteria for Performing Multiple Dosimetry Medical RIS ( ) EDE for DDE RIS ( ) Two Badge RIS ( ) not closer than 12 from the source SONGS Approval (first NPP) 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 35
36 HISTORY OF EDE (III) Definition of TEDE in 10CFR20 amended RIS ( ) Use of Multiple Dosimetry & Compartment Factors in Determining EDE from External Sources (EDEX) Licensees no longer required to apply for approval RG 8.40 Methods for Measuring EDE from External Exposure Allow use of EDEX in place of DDE for demonstrating compliance with TEDE Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 36
37 ANSI N13.41 COMPARTMENT FACTORS Head and neck 0.10 Thorax, above diaphragm 0.38 Abdomen, pelvis 0.50 Upper right & left arm (each) Right & left thigh (each) 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 37
38 SONGS IMPLEMENTATION ANSI N13.41 thorax and abdomen compartments combined into the chest compartment. Retain current NRC guidance Missed dose not to exceed 30 mrem DDE/shift or 250 mrem DDE total, within each compartment Unintended exposure occurrence, unchanged (100 mrem DDE) When no badge is worn on the thighs, assign chest DDE. When no dosimeter is worn on the shoulders, assign head DDE Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 38
39 NPP - High Dose Gradient Fields Use of multi-badge dosimeters in highly non-uniform radiation fields. Examples include; Under pressurizer ; pressurizer sleeve replacements, source overhead Under reactor head ; inspection / repairs, source overhead Under reactor vessel ; insulation removal and inspection, source overhead Fuel transfer canal ; repair work, source below 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 39
40 NPP - High Dose Gradient Fields Assigned external dose using EDE; Under reactor vessel inspection; highest DDE 547 mrem, assigned dose- 339 mrem Location EPD W C EDE Head Chest / Abdomen R- Arm L- Arm Total 339 mrem 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 40
41 NPP - High Dose Gradient Fields Assigned external dose using EDE; Fuel thimble (diving) replacement project; highest DDE- 235 mrem head, assigned dose mrem. Location EPD W C EDE Head Chest / Abdomen R- Arm L- Arm R- Thigh L-Thigh Total 100 mrem 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 41
42 CHANGE MANAGEMENT Procedures Record Software and Dose Control Software Training Management / RP Staff / Rad Worker Training 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 42
43 SOUND SCIENCE / BENEFIT Assigning highest dosimeter is an approximation that breaks down in highly non-uniform radiation fields. Use of ANSI N13.41 Weighting Factors improves the accuracy of dose assessment. NRC allows the use of EDE in place of DDE for all sources of radiation exposure (medical, NPPs, etc). A more accurate estimate of the risk associated with the radiation exposures experienced by radiation workers at NPPs, particularly for high dose gradient work. Benefit to worker; Worker s assigned dose will be more accurate than simply assigning the maximum deep dose equivalent Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 43
44 ELECTRONIC DOSIMETER SET POINTS TEDE = EDE + CEDE for both estimate and record Electronic dosimeter set points are calculated based on the RWP Dose Limit. Example: Head & chest set; 300 mrem RWP Dose Limit; head/chest ratio R = 3 Chest set point = RWP Limit / (W T C + W T H * R) = RWP Limit / ( * R) = 246 mrem Head set point = Chest set point * R = 738 mrem R is the expected head to chest dose ratio determined by surveys and RP Planning 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 44
45 REPORTING DOSE ON NRC FORM-5 Example: Head/Chest Set Results Chest dose = 100 mrem DDE/LDE/SDE Head dose = 300 mrem DDE/LDE/SDE EDE = 300 DDE * DDE * 0.89 = 122 mrem NRC Form-5 (rem) DDE = LDE = SDE WB = SDE ME = CEDE = NR CDE = NR TEDE = TODE = Comments Section: Effective Dose Equivalent reported in place of DDE and used to calculate TEDE 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 45
46 Thank You! For Your Attention and Patience 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 46
47 Questions 2018 Fall Meeting FLORIDA CHAPTER HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY 47
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