Page 1. C) reducing the gradient of a steep hill D) planting grasses and shrubs on a hillside

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1 Name: 1) One result of a large volcanic eruption is that surface air temperatures decrease over a sizable region of Earth. This phenomenon occurs because volcanic eruptions usually decrease the number of dust particles entering the atmosphere reflection of sunlight within the atmosphere transparency of the atmosphere amount of moisture in the atmosphere 2) A strong west wind steadily blew over Lake Ontario picking up moisture. As this moist air flowed over the Tug Hill Plateau, the plateau received a 36-inch snowfall. This snow fell from clouds that formed when rising air was cooled by compression, causing water vapor to condense warmed by compression, causing water vapor to evaporate cooled by expansion, causing water vapor to condense warmed by expansion, causing water vapor to evaporate 3) What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 16DC and the wet-bulb temperature is 11DC? 5DC 7DC -17DC 9DC 4) Which condition would cause surface runoff to increase in a particular location? covering a dirt road with pavement having a decrease in the annual rainfall 5) The map below shows part of North America. reducing the gradient of a steep hill planting grasses and shrubs on a hillside Page 1 The arrows shown on the map most likely represent the direction of movement of Atlantic Ocean hurricanes Earth's rotation the prevailing northeast winds ocean conduction currents 6) Which graph best shows the relationship between the probability of precipitation and the difference between air temperature and dewpoint?

2 Page 2 7) Which graph best shows the general effect that differences in elevation above sea level have on the average annual temperature? Questions 8 through 12 refer to the following: The two cross sections below represent the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere near the Equator during normal weather (cross section and during El Niño conditions (cross section. Sea surface temperatures (SST) are labeled and trade-wind directions are shown with arrows. Cloud buildup indicates regions of frequent thunderstorm activity. The change from normal sea level is shown at the side of each diagram. 8) Which statement correctly describes sea surface temperatures along the South American coast and Pacific trade winds during El Niño conditions? The sea surface temperatures are cooler than normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the east. The sea surface temperatures are cooler than normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the west. The sea surface temperatures are warmer than normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the east. The sea surface temperatures are warmer than normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the west. 9) The development of El Niño conditions over this region of the Pacific Ocean has caused the reversal of Earth's seasons decreased ozone levels in the atmosphere changes in worldwide precipitation patterns increased worldwide volcanic activity 10) During El Niño conditions, thunderstorms increase in the eastern Pacific Ocean region because the warm, moist air is less dense, sinking, compressing, and warming less dense, rising, expanding, and cooling more dense, rising, expanding, and cooling more dense, sinking, compressing, and warming 11) Compared to normal weather conditions, the shift of the trade winds caused sea levels during El Niño conditions to decrease at both Australia and South America decrease at Australia and increase at South America increase at both Australia and South America increase at Australia and decrease at South America

3 12) Earth's entire equatorial climate zone is generally a belt around Earth that has low air pressure and dry weather high air pressure and dry weather 13) Clouds usually form when condensation nuclei have been removed from the air air temperature reaches the dewpoint low air pressure and wet weather high air pressure and wet weather relative humidity is 0% evaporation has warmed the surrounding air Page 3 14) An Earth Science student observed the following weather conditions in Albany, New York, for 2 days: The first day was warm and humid with southerly winds. The second day, the temperature was 15 degrees cooler, the relative humidity had decreased, and wind direction was northwest. Which type of air mass most likely had moved into the area on the second day? continental tropical maritime polar continental polar maritime tropical Questions 15 through 17 refer to the following: The map below shows an imaginary continent on Earth. Arrows represent prevailing wind directions. Letters A through D represent locations on the continent. Locations A and B are at the same latitude and at the same elevation at the base of the mountains. 15) The climate at location C is much drier than at location D. This difference is best explained by the fact that location C is located farther from any mountain range at a latitude where air is sinking and surface winds diverge at a latitude that experiences longer average annual daylight closer to a large body of water 16) Over the course of a year, compared to location B, location A will have more precipitation and a greater temperature range less precipitation and a greater temperature range more precipitation and a smaller temperature range less precipitation and a smaller temperature range 17) Compared to the observations made at location D, the observed altitude of Polaris at location B is only greater from March 21 to September 22 only less from March 21 to September 22 always greater always less

4 Questions 18 and 19 refer to the following: Page 4 Each graph below represents data for a different city in North America. The line graphs connect the average monthly temperatures in degrees Celsius. The bar graphs indicate the average monthly precipitation in millimeters. 18) For what two cities in the given graphs is the winter precipitation most likely to be snow? B and C A and B B and D A and C 19) In which one of the following sequences are the cities in the given graphs listed in order of decreasing average yearly precipitation? D, C, B, A B, D, A, C C, A, D, B A, B, C, D

5 Questions 20 through 22 refer to the following: Page 5 On the weather map below, points A, B, C, and D are locations on Earth's surface. 20) The strongest winds are closest to location A B C D 21) Which type of front extends southward from the center of the low? cold occluded stationary warm 22) The isolines on the map represent values of air pressure temperature humidity density 23) The map below shows the location of four cities, A, B, C, and D, in the western United States where prevailing winds are from the southwest. Which city most likely receives the least amount of average yearly precipitation? A B C D 24) Which interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere causes most surface ocean currents? cooling of rising air above the ocean surface seismic waves on the ocean surface friction from planetary winds on the ocean surface evaporation of water from the ocean surface 25) What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 24DC and the wet-bulb temperature is 15DC? 4DC -18DC 8DC 36DC 26) Which atmospheric conditions would cause smoke from a campfire on a beach to blow toward the ocean? low-density air over the land and high-density air over the ocean humid air over the land and dry air over the ocean high air pressure over the land and low air pressure over the ocean warm air over the land and cool air over the ocean

6 27) In general, the probability of flooding decreases when there is an increase in the amount of snow melt runoff precipitation infiltration 28) An air mass classified as mp usually forms over which type of Earth surface? warm ocean cool land warm land cool ocean Questions 29 and 30 refer to the following: Page 6 The satellite image below shows cloud patterns associated with weather fronts over the United States on a certain day. The states of Nebraska (NE) and New York (NY) have been labeled. 29) At the time this satellite image was taken, what were the weather conditions in New York State? mostly cloudy in the northern part of the State and clear in the southern part clear skies with no precipitation very cloudy with no precipitation cloudy with heavy precipitation 30) Which type of front was producing the weather in Nebraska when this image was taken? occluded front cold front warm front stationary front 31) The cross section below shows how prevailing winds have caused different climates on the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range. Why does the windward side of this mountain have a wet climate? Rising air compresses and cools, causing the water droplets to evaporate. Rising air expands and warms, causing the water droplets to evaporate. Rising air expands and cools, causing the water vapor to condense. Rising air compresses and warms, causing the water vapor to condense.

7 Questions 32 through 34 refer to the following: Page 7 The weather map of North America below shows the location of a front and the air mass influencing its movement. 32) The cp air mass is identified on the basis of its temperature and windspeed moisture content cloud cover wind direction 33) Which region is the probable source of the air mass labeled cp on the map? Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic Ocean 34) Which type of front and frontal movement is shown on the weather map? warm front moving southeastward warm front moving northwestward Questions 35 and 36 refer to the following: southwestern United States central Canada cold front moving southeastward cold front moving northwestward In the diagram of the mountain below, the arrows represent the direction of airflow over the mountain. 35) As the air moves up the windward side of the mountain shown, the air compresses and cools expands and warms expands and cools compresses and warms 36) Compared to the temperature and humidity conditions at location A, the conditions at location B are cooler and less humid cooler and more humid warmer and less humid warmer and more humid

8 37) Which map best represents the direction of surface winds associated with the high- and low-pressure systems? Page 8 38) Which type of air mass usually contains the most moisture? cp mt ct mp 39) During a heavy rainfall, runoff will be greatest on a soil that has an infiltration (permeability) rate of 1.2 cm/sec 0.1 cm/sec 0.2 cm/sec 0.3 cm/sec Questions 40 through 42 refer to the following: Columns A, B, C, and D are partially filled with different sediments. Within each column, the sediment is uniform in size. A fine wire mesh screen covers the bottom of each column to prevent the sediment from falling out. The lower part of each column has just been placed in a beaker of water. Sediment sizes are not drawn to scale. 40) In which sediment will capillary action cause the water from the beaker to rise fastest in the column? large sand medium sand small pebbles large silt

9 Page 9 41) In an experiment, the beakers of water were removed and replaced with empty beakers. The sediments were allowed to dry. Then water was poured into each column to compare the permeability of the sediments. The permeability rate of the medium sand sample was shown to be less than the silt and pebble samples greater than the silt sample but less than the pebble sample greater than the silt and pebble samples less than the silt sample but more than the pebble sample 42) Which column contains sediment with an average diameter closest to 0.1 centimeter? A B C D 43) A student uses a sling psychrometer outdoors on a clear day. The dry-bulb (air) temperature is 10DC. The water on the wet bulb will most likely condense, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be higher than the air temperature evaporate, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be lower than the air temperature evaporate, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be equal to the air temperature condense, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be equal to the air temperature 44) Which graph best shows the average annual amounts of precipitation received at different latitudes on Earth? 45) Which graph shows the effect of soil permeability on the amount of runoff in an area?

10 Page 10 46) The graph below shows changes in the atmosphere occurring above typical airmass source regions A, B, C, and D. Changes in air temperature and altitude are shown as the graphed lines. Changes in water-vapor content, in grams of vapor per kilogram of air, are shown as numbers on each graphed line. Which list best identifies each air-mass source region? A ct, B cp, C mp, D mt A cp, B mp, C mt, D ct A mt, B ct, C cp, D mp A mp, B mt, C ct, D cp 47) Which weather change usually occurs when the difference between the air temperature and the dewpoint temperature is decreasing? The barometric pressure increases. The probability of precipitation decreases. The relative humidity increases. The amount of cloud cover decreases. 48) Which graph best represents the general relationship between soil particle size and the permeability rate of infiltrating rainwater? 49) In which direction do surface winds around low-pressure centers in the Northern Hemisphere generally move? clockwise, away from the center of the low counterclockwise, away from the center of the low clockwise, toward the center of the low counterclockwise, toward the center of the low 50) A student used a sling psychrometer to measure the humidity of the air. If the relative humidity was 65% and the dry-bulb temperature was 10DC, what was the wet-bulb temperature? 10DC 3DC 5DC 7DC

11 Questions 51 and 52 refer to the following: Page 11 The graph below shows the changes in relative humidity and air temperature during a spring day in Washington, D.C. 51) Which statement best describes the relationship between relative humidity and air temperature as shown by the graph? Relative humidity remains the same as air temperature decreases. Relative humidity increases as air temperature increases. Relative humidity decreases as air temperature increases. Relative humidity decreases as air temperature decreases. 52) What were the relative humidity and air temperature at noon on this day? 47% and 48DF 65% and 48DF 47% and 32DF 65% and 32DF 53) The graph below shows the average monthly temperatures for two cities, A and B, which are both located at 41D north latitude. Which statement best explains the difference in the average yearly temperature range for the two cities? City B is located near a large body of water. City B has a greater yearly duration of insolation. City B is located in a different planetary wind belt. City B receives less yearly precipitation.

12 54) Which graph best represents the relationship between surface-water runoff and stream discharge? Page 12 55) The arrows on the two maps below show how the monsoon winds over India change direction with the seasons. How do these winds affect India's weather in summer and winter? Winter is cooler and more humid than summer. Summer is warmer and more humid than winter. Questions 56 through 58 refer to the following: Winter is warmer and less humid than summer. Summer is cooler and less humid than winter. The weather map below shows air temperature and winds for a few locations in the eastern half of the United States. A large lowpressure system is shown on the map. 56) If the low-pressure center in the given diagram follows a typical storm track, it will move toward the southwest southeast northeast northwest

13 Page 13 57) Surface winds within the low-pressure system shown generally flow counterclockwise and away from the center of the system clockwise and away from the center of the system clockwise and toward the center of the system counterclockwise and toward the center of the system 58) In the given diagram, which type of front extends eastward from the low-pressure center? warm stationary cold occluded 59) Which map best represents the global prevailing surface wind patterns responsible for generating Atlantic Ocean currents? 60) Which weather-station model shows an air pressure of millibars? 61) A high air-pressure, dry-climate belt is located at which Earth latitude? 60DN 15DN 0D 30DN

14 62) A map view of surface air movement in a low-pressure system is shown below Page 14 The air near the center of this low-pressure system usually will squeeze together to form a high-pressure system rise and form clouds reverse direction evaporate into a liquid 63) The air outside a classroom has a dry-bulb temperature of 10DC and a wet-bulb temperature of 4DC. What is the relative humidity of this air? 54% 14% 33% 1% 64) The station model below shows the weather conditions at Massena, New York, at 9 a.m. on a particular day in June. What was the barometric pressure at Massena 3 hours earlier on that day? mb mb mb mb 65) The diagram below shows trends in the temperature of North America during the last 200,000 years, as estimated by scientists. What is the total number of major glacial periods that have occurred in North America in the last 200,000 years?

15 Page 15 66) A student performed a laboratory activity in which water was poured slowly into four cups containing equal volumes of loosely packed sediment samples, as shown in the diagram below. All particles were spherical in shape and uniform in size within a container. After the water level reached the surface of each sample, the student determined the amount of water that had been added. The results of the activity should have indicated that approximately equal amounts of water were added to the cups of sand, silt, and pebbles, only sand, pebbles, and the mixture, only silt and pebbles, only pebbles and the mixture, only 67) Which map view best shows the movement of surface air around a low-pressure system in the Northern Hemisphere? Questions 68 and 69 refer to the following: The field map below shows the average annual precipitation in New York State for the past 25 years. Isoline values represent inches per year.

16 68) Jamestown received more rainfall per year than Elmira. A reason for this difference is that Jamestown is located closer to a large body of water in the prevailing southerly wind belt at a higher latitude at a lower elevation 69) Which of these locations had the lowest average annual precipitation? Kingston New York City Plattsburgh Old Forge 70) Warm water from tropical oceans is carried to northern Europe by the Gulf Stream and the Brazil Current North Atlantic Current 71) Rainfall is most likely to infiltrate into soil that is permeable and saturated permeable and unsaturated 72) During a rainfall, surface runoff will probably be greatest in an area that has a gentle slope and a tree-covered surface steep slope and a clay-covered surface Canaries Current Alaska Current impermeable and unsaturated impermeable and saturated gentle slope and a grass-covered surface steep slope and a gravel-covered surface Page 16 73) When rainfall occurs, the rainwater will most likely become surface runoff if the land surface is nearly flat covered with grass sandy impermeable 74) Which one of the following statements best explains why climates at continental shorelines generally have a smaller yearly temperature range than inland climates at the same latitude? Ocean water is a good absorber and a good conductor of heat energy. Ocean water changes temperature slowly, due to the high specific heat and transparency of water. Land changes temperature rapidly, due to the high specific heat and lack of transparency of land. Land is a poor absorber and a poor conductor of heat energy. 75) The graph below is a computer-generated forecast of air temperature and dewpoint for a city during a period of 2[ days. At what time during this period is the rate of evaporation expected to be highest? April 29 at 4 a.m. April 27 at 10 a.m. April 28 at 10 a.m. April 28 at 4 p.m. 76) Soil composed of which particle size usually has the greatest capillarity? pebbles fine sand silt coarse sand 77) Students wish to study the effect of elevation above sea level on air temperature and air pressure. They plan to hike in the Adirondack Mountains from Heart Lake, elevation 2,179 feet, to the peak of Mt. Marcy, elevation 5,344 feet. Which instruments should they use to collect their data? anemometer and psychrometer thermometer and barometer 78) What is the general pattern of air movement on March 21 at Earth's Equator (0? upward, due to low temperature and high pressure upward, due to high temperature and low pressure thermometer and psychrometer anemometer and barometer downward, due to high temperature and low pressure downward, due to low temperature and high pressure

17 79) On a certain day, the isobars on a weather map are very close together over eastern New York State. To make the people of this area aware of possible risk to life and property in this situation, the National Weather Service should issue a high-wind advisory an air-pollution advisory 80) Most of Earth's surface ocean current patterns are primarily caused by the force of gravity prevailing winds a dense-fog warning a heat-index warning river currents the impact of precipitation Page 17 81) Weather-station measurements indicate that the dewpoint temperature and air temperature are getting farther apart and that air pressure is rising. Which type of weather is most likely arriving at the station? a snowstorm cool, dry air maritime tropical air a warm front 82) In which map does the arrow show the general direction that most low-pressure storm systems move across New York State? 83) The air-pressure field map below represents a high-pressure system over the central United States. Isobars show the air pressure, in millibars. Letters A through E represent locations on Earth's surface. Between which two locations is the wind speed greatest? B and C D and E C and D A and B

18 84) Which diagram best illustrates how air rising over a mountain produces precipitation? Page 18 85) Which set of conditions would produce the most runoff of precipitation? steep slope and permeable surface gentle slope and impermeable surface 86) Surface winds on Earth are primarily caused by differences in ocean wave heights during the tidal cycle air density due to unequal heating of Earth's surface distances from the Sun during the year rotational speeds of Earth's surface at various latitudes steep slope and impermeable surface gentle slope and permeable surface 87) Weather along most fronts is usually cloudy with precipitation because the warm air along most fronts is usually sinking and cooling, causing water to evaporate rising and warming, causing water vapor to condense rising and cooling, causing water vapor to condense sinking and warming, causing water to evaporate

19 Page 19 88) The diagrams below show the relative sizes of particles from soil samples A, B, and C. Equal volumes of each soil sample were placed in separate containers. Each container has a screen at the bottom. Water was poured through each sample to determine the infiltration rate. Which graph best shows how the infiltration rates of the three soil samples would compare? Questions 89 and 90 refer to the following: The graph below shows air temperature and relative humidity at a single location during a 24-hour period. 89) What was the approximate change in relative humidity from 12 noon to 4 p.m.? 10% 15% 30% 20% 90) At which time would the rate of evaporation most likely be greatest? 6 a.m. 10 a.m. 4 p.m. 11 p.m. 91) Which surface ocean current transports warm water to higher latitudes? West Wind Drift Falkland Current Labrador Current Gulf Stream

20 Page 20 92) An air mass classified as mt usually forms over what type of Earth surface? warm water cool water cool land warm land 93) The data below represent some of the weather conditions at a New York State location on a winter morning. What was the dewpoint at this time? -3DC -5DC 1DC 2DC 94) In New York State, dry, cool air masses (cp) often interact with moist, warm air masses (mt). Which statement correctly matches each air mass with its usual geographic source region? cp is from the North Atlantic Ocean and mt is from the deserts of the southwestern United States. cp is from northern Canada and mt is from the Gulf of Mexico. cp is from the North Atlantic Ocean and mt is from the Gulf of Mexico. cp is from northern Canada and mt is from the deserts of the southwestern United States. 95) The greatest amount of rainwater infiltration occurs on the side of a hill if the surface of a permeable soil has small soil particles and a steep slope large soil particles and a gentle slope large soil particles and a steep slope small soil particles and a gentle slope 96) When the dry-bulb temperature is 22DC and the wet-bulb temperature is 13DC, the relative humidity is 33% 59% 10% 41% 97) The flowchart below shows part of Earth's water cycle. The question marks indicate a part of the flowchart that has been deliberately left blank. Which process should be shown in place of the question marks to best complete the flowchart? condensation infiltration evaporation deposition 98) What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 12DC and the wet-bulb temperature is 4DC? 4DC 19DC -9DC 8DC 99) Adjacent land and ocean surfaces have the same temperature at sunrise on a clear, calm, summer day. Then the land and water are heated by the Sun for several hours. Which cross section shows the most likely direction of surface winds that will develop at this ocean shore? 100) During a dry summer, the flow of most large New York State streams generally stops completely because no water runs off into the streams remains unchanged due to transpiration from grasses, shrubs, and trees increases due to greater surface runoff continues because some groundwater seeps into the streams

21 101) Which weather station model shows the highest relative humidity? Page ) Surface ocean currents located at 40D south latitude, 90D west longitude generally flow toward the southwest west northeast southeast 103) Most water vapor enters Earth's atmosphere by the processes of condensation and precipitation conduction and convection evaporation and transpiration radiation and cementation 104) The Canaries Current along the west coast of Africa and the Peru Current along the west coast of South America are both cool currents that flow toward the Equator cool currents that flow away from the Equator 105) Energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth mainly by red shifts electromagnetic waves 106) Which phase change requires water to gain 540 calories per gram? liquid water vaporizing water vapor condensing warm currents that flow away from the Equator warm currents that flow toward the Equator density currents molecular collisions solid ice melting liquid water freezing 107) During which phase change of water is the most energy released into the environment? water freezing water vapor condensing water evaporating ice melting 108) Liquid water can store more heat energy than an equal amount of any other naturally occurring substance because liquid water can be changed into a solid or a gas has the higher specific heat has its greatest density at 4DC covers 71% of Earth's surface 109) Land surfaces of Earth heat more rapidly than water surfaces because less of Earth's surface is covered by land than by water land has a lower specific heat than water sunlight penetrates to greater depths in land than in water more energy from the Sun falls on land than on water 110) On a clear summer day, the surface of land is usually warmer than the surface of a nearby body of water because the water receives less insolation has a higher specific heat has a higher density reflects less insolation 111) Why are the beaches that are located on the southern shore of Long Island often considerably cooler than nearby inland locations on hot summer afternoons? The beaches are farther from the Equator than the inland locations are. The beaches are closer to the Equator than the inland locations are. A sea breeze develops due to the higher specific heat of water and the lower specific heat of land. A land breeze develops due to the lower specific heat of water and the higher specific heat of land. 112) A student in an eastern city of the United States read in a newspaper that the maximum length of the daylight period for the year had just been reached. What was the date of this newspaper? March 22 December 22 June 22 September ) On June 21, some Earth locations have 24 hours of daylight. These locations are all between the latitudes of 47D N and 66 D N 66 D N and 90D N 23 D N and 47D N 0D and 23 D N

22 Page ) The diagram below shows the apparent path of the Sun as viewed by an observer at a certain Earth location on March 21. At which latitude is the observer located? 90DN the Equator (0 23 DN 66 DN 115) The average temperature at Earth's North Pole is colder than the average temperature at the Equator because the Equator receives more intense insolation has a thicker atmosphere receives less ultraviolet radiation has more cloud cover 116) The diagram below represents Earth at a specific position in its orbit as viewed from space. The shaded area represents nighttime. Which Earth latitude receives the greatest intensity of insolation when Earth is at the position shown in the diagram? 90DN 23 DN 66 DN 0D 117) The table below shows the duration of insolation (hours of daylight) measured by four observers, W, X, Y, and Z, at four different Earth latitudes on both March 21 and June 21. There were clear skies at all four latitudes on both days. Which observer was located at the Equator? W X Y Z

23 118) The table below shows the duration of insolation at different latitudes for three different days during the year Page 23 Which dates are represented most correctly by Day 1, Day 2, and Day 3, respectively? December 21, March 21, June 21 June 21, September 22, December 21 September 22, December 21, March 21 March 21, September 22, December ) Which graph best represents the relationship between the angle of insolation and the intensity of insolation? 120) The diagram below shows a classroom demonstration. Two identical flashlights were placed in the positions shown and they illuminated areas of varying size, A and B, on a classroom globe. Thermometers were then placed at the center of each illuminated area to measure the rate of temperature increase. Readings were taken over a period of 30 minutes. Students most likely observed that the temperature of area A increased at a faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more perpendicular to the surface faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays with less total energy slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were less concentrated slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more slanted

24 Questions 121 and 122 refer to the following: Page 24 The diagram below shows the angle of the Sun's noontime rays received at different Earth latitudes on May ) Which changes can be expected to occur at 45DN in the given diagram over the next 30 days? The duration of insolation will decrease and the temperature will decrease. The duration of insolation will increase and the temperature will increase. The duration of insolation will increase and the temperature will decrease. The duration of insolation will decrease and the temperature will increase. 122) At which latitude in the given diagram can the noontime Sun be observed in the northern part of the sky? 60DN 90DN 0D 30DN Questions 123 and 124 refer to the following: The diagram below shows the tilt of Earth on its axis in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A through E are locations on Earth's surface. Point D is located in the eastern United States. The dashed line represents Earth's axis.

25 123) Which diagram best represents the angle of the Sun's rays received at location C at noon on this day? Page ) On this day, which location has the greatest number of hours of daylight? E B C D Questions 125 and 126 refer to the following: The diagram below shows sunlight entering a room through the same window at three different times on the same winter day. 125) The apparent change in the Sun's position shown in the diagram is best explained by the Sun rotating at a rate of 15D per hour Earth rotating at a rate of 15D per hour Earth's axis tilted at an angle of 23 D the Sun's axis tilted at an angle of 23 D 126) This room is located in a building in New York State. On which side of the building is the window located? west east south north 127) Which diagram best represents visible light rays after striking a dark, rough surface? 128) Compared to dull and rough rock surfaces, shiny and smooth rock surfaces are most likely to cause sunlight to be scattered reflected absorbed refracted 129) Which of these characteristics identify an Earth surface that is likely to be the best absorber of insolation? dark colored and rough dark colored and smooth light colored and smooth light colored and rough 130) Which characteristics of a building material would provide the most energy-absorbing exterior covering for a house? light-colored and rough-textured dark-colored and rough-textured light-colored and smooth-textured dark-colored and smooth-textured

26 131) A square meter of surface of which of these natural areas would most likely absorb the most insolation during a clear day? a snow-covered field a dark-green forest a beach with white sand a fast-moving river 132) A person in New York State worked outdoors in sunlight for several hours on a day in July. Which type of clothing should the person have worn to absorb the least electromagnetic radiation? dark colored with a rough surface light colored with a rough surface light colored with a smooth surface dark colored with a smooth surface 133) Summer days in the continental United States are likely to be hotter than winter days because in summer Earth's northern axis is tilted toward the Sun the Sun gives off more energy Earth is closer to the Sun the number of sunspots increases 134) The diagram below represents Earth at four different positions, A, B, C, and D, in its orbit around the Sun Page 26 Between which positions would New York State be experiencing the summer season? A and B A and D C and D B and C 135) Which one of the following diagrams most correctly shows the portion of Earth that is illuminated by sunlight and the portion that is in shadow on the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere?

27 Page ) The maps below show the amount of sea ice surrounding the continent of Antarctica at two different times of the year. Map A represents late August when the area covered by sea ice approaches its greatest extent. Map B represents the minimum extent of sea ice. Which month is most probably represented by map B? February October June May Questions 137 through 139 refer to the following: The diagram below represents the position of the Sun with respect to Earth's surface at solar noon on certain dates. The latitudes of six locations on the same line of longitude are shown. The observer is located at 42DN in New York State. The date for the Sun at position A has been deliberately left blank. 137) At which New York State location could the observer be located? Plattsburgh Mount Marcy Slide Mountain New York City 138) When the Sun is at position A, which latitude receives the most direct rays of the Sun? Tropic of Cancer (23.5DN) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5DS) Antarctic Circle (66.5DS) Equator (0 139) When the Sun is at the March 21 position, New York State will usually have the highest annual altitude of the Sun at solar noon 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness the lowest annual altitude of the Sun at solar noon longer days than nights

28 Questions 140 through 142 refer to the following: Page 28 The diagram below shows a model of the apparent path and position of the Sun in relation to an observer at four different locations, A, B, C, and D, on Earth's surface on the dates indicated. The zenith (z) and the actual position of the Sun in the model at the time of the observation are shown. [The zenith is the point directly over the observer.] 140) According to the Sun's actual position shown in the diagrams, the most intense insolation is being received by the observer at location A B C D 141) Where on Earth's surface is the observer at location C located? in South America at the South Pole at the Equator at the North Pole 142) From sunrise to sunset at location B, the length of the observer's shadow will increase, only decrease, then increase increase, then decrease decrease, only

29 Page ) The diagram below shows a cylinder filled with clean water. At the left of the cylinder is a light source, and at the right of the cylinder is a meter that measures the intensity (brightness) of light as it passes through the water. One minute after the light is turned on, a mixture of sand, silt, and clay is poured into the cylinder. Which graph shows the probable change in light intensity (brightness) recorded during the 6-minute period after the light is turned on? 144) A gradual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would warm Earth's atmosphere because carbon dioxide is a poor reflector of ultraviolet radiation poor absorber of infrared radiation good absorber of infrared radiation good reflector of ultraviolet radiation 145) Because Venus has greater atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) content than Earth has, the surface temperature of Venus is cooler, due to absorption of short-wave (ultraviolet) radiation by a greenhouse gas cooler, due to absorption of long-wave (infrared) radiation by a greenhouse gas warmer, due to absorption of long-wave (infrared) radiation by a greenhouse gas warmer, due to absorption of short-wave (ultraviolet) radiation by a greenhouse gas 146) An increase in which gas would cause the most greenhouse warming of Earth's atmosphere? nitrogen carbon dioxide hydrogen oxygen 147) Which two gases in Earth's atmosphere are believed by scientists to be greenhouse gases that are major contributors to global warming? ozone and chlorine hydrogen and helium carbon dioxide and methane oxygen and nitrogen 148) On sunny summer days, a breeze often develops that blows from large bodies of water toward nearby landmasses because the air over the bodies of water becomes heavier with additional water vapor temperatures of the bodies of water are greater temperature of the air above the landmasses is greater specific heat of the landmasses is greater

30 Page ) The cross section below shows the direction of air flowing over a mountain. Points A and B are at the same elevation on opposite sides of the mountain. Compared to the air temperature and humidity at point A, the air temperature and humidity at point B are usually warmer and wetter warmer and drier 150) The diagram below shows wind flowing over a mountain range. cooler and wetter cooler and drier As the wind flows down the leeward side of the mountain range, the air becomes warmer and wetter cooler and wetter warmer and drier cooler and drier

31 Page ) On which weather map below do the front symbols best represent the direction of movement of the cold front and warm front associated with the low-pressure system shown on the map? 152) Various weather conditions at LaGuardia Airport in New York City are shown on the station model below. What were the barometric pressure and weather conditions at the airport at the time of the observation? mb of pressure and smog mb of pressure and a clear sky 153) A soil sample with a large amount of space between the particles will have a high capillarity high porosity mb of pressure and smog mb of pressure and a clear sky low infiltration rate low permeability rate

32 154) The diagram below shows a sling psychrometer Page 32 Based on the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature, what is the relative humidity? 12% 51% 58% 66% Questions 155 and 156 refer to the following: The map below shows Earth's planetary wind belts. 155) According to the given map, which wind belt has the greatest effect on the climate of New York State? southeast trades prevailing southwesterlies northeast trades prevailing northwesterlies 156) Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge in the given diagram? cool and wet warm and wet warm and dry cool and dry 157) Air masses are identified on the basis of temperature and atmospheric transparency wind velocity moisture content type of precipitation

33 Page ) The diagram below shows tubes A and B partly filled with equal volumes of round plastic beads of uniform size. The beads in tube A are smaller than the beads in tube B. Water was placed in tube A until the pore spaces were filled. The drain valve was then opened, and the amount of time for the water to drain from the tube was recorded. The amount of water that remained around the beads was then calculated and recorded. Data table 1 shows the measurements recorded using tube A. If the same procedure was followed with tube B, which data table shows the measurements most likely recorded? Questions 159 and 160 refer to the following: The map below represents an imaginary continent. Locations A and B are on opposite sides of a mountain range on a planet similar to Earth. Location C is on the planet's equator.

34 159) Location C on the given map most likely experiences high air pressure and high precipitation high air pressure and low precipitation low air pressure and high precipitation low air pressure and low precipitation 160) Compared to the climate at location A on the given map, the climate at location B would most likely be warmer and more humid warmer and less humid 161) For infiltration to occur, the ground must be impermeable and not saturated permeable and not saturated cooler and less humid cooler and more humid impermeable and saturated permeable and saturated Page ) If a low-pressure system follows a typical storm track across New York State, it will move toward the southeast northwest northeast southwest 163) Which statement best summarizes the general effects of ocean currents at 20D S latitude on coastal regions of South America? The east coast is warmed and the west coast is cooled. The east coast is cooled and the west coast is warmed. The east coast and west coast are both warmed. The east coast and west coast are both cooled. 164) Which sediment size would allow water to flow through at the fastest rate? sand silt clay pebbles 165) The planetary wind belts in the troposphere are primarily caused by the Earth's revolution and Sun's gravitational attraction on Earth's atmosphere Earth's rotation and Sun's gravitational attraction on Earth's atmosphere Earth's rotation and unequal heating of Earth's surface Earth's revolution and unequal heating of Earth's surface 166) Which station model shows the correct form for indicating a northwest wind at 25 knots and an air pressure of mb?

35 Page ) The map below shows the boundary between two air masses. The arrows show the direction in which the boundary is moving. Which weather map uses the correct weather front symbol to illustrate this information? 168) The water table usually rises when there is an increase in the slope of the land an increase in the amount of precipitation a decrease in the amount of surface area covered by vegetation a decrease in the amount of infiltration 169) The surface winds in a typical Northern Hemisphere high-pressure system are generally moving clockwise toward the high-pressure center counterclockwise toward the high-pressure center clockwise away from the high-pressure center counterclockwise away from the high-pressure center 170) The table shows air-pressure readings taken at two cities, in the same region of the United States, at noon on four different days. The wind speed in the region between cities A and B was probably the greatest at noon on day

36 Page ) London, England, is located at approximately 51D 301 north latitude and 0D longitude. Elmira, New York, is located at approximately 42D 101 north latitude and 76D 541 west longitude. What is one reason why London has a warmer average winter temperature than Elmira? London's climate is modified by the North Atlantic Ocean Current. London's climate is modified by its longer duration of insolation. London is located closer to the equator. London is located at a higher elevation. 172) Which of the following surface soil types has the slowest permeability rate and is most likely to produce flooding? silt sand pebbles clay 173) The diagram below shows weather instruments A and B. Which table correctly indicates the name of the weather instrument and the weather variable that it measures?

37 Page ) The cross section below shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth's atmosphere located between 30DN and 30DS latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. Based on the cross section shown, which of the following maps best shows the surface movement of winds between 30DN and 30DS latitude? 175) Which type of air mass is associated with warm, dry atmospheric conditions? mt mp ct cp 176) Which list correctly matches each instrument with the weather variable it measures? barometer relative humidity anemometer cloud cover precipitation gauge probability of precipitation wind vane wind direction thermometer dewpoint psychrometer air pressure wind vane wind speed thermometer temperature precipitation gauge relative humidity barometer air pressure anemometer wind speed psychrometer relative humidity 177) Which weather map symbol represents air masses that normally form just south of the United States over the Caribbean Sea? mp ct mt cp

38 Page ) Which map shows the two correctly labeled air masses that frequently converge in the central plains to cause tornadoes? Questions 179 and 180 refer to the following: In the water cycle diagram below, the arrows numbered 1 through 4 represent various processes. 179) Which numbered arrow in the diagram best represents the process of transpiration? ) Which atmospheric condition is most likely responsible for the wind blowing the clouds in the diagram from the sea toward the land? low visibility over the sea and high visibility over the land low air density over the sea and high air density over the land high air pressure over the sea and low air pressure over the land high air temperature over the sea and low air temperature over the land

39 Questions 181 through 183 refer to the following: Page 39 The weather map below shows a high-pressure center (H) and a low-pressure center (L), with two fronts extending from the lowpressure center. Points X and Y are locations on the map connected by a reference line. 181) Which cross section best represents the fronts and air movements in the lower atmosphere along line XY on the given map? 182) Which map best shows the most probable areas of precipitation associated with the weather systems shown? [Shaded areas represent precipitation.] 183) Which type of front is located between Buffalo and Detroit on the given map? occluded warm stationary cold

40 Questions 184 through 187 refer to the following: Page 40 The climate graphs below show average monthly precipitation and temperatures at four cities, A, B, C, and D. 184) Based on the climate graphs shown, very little water will infiltrate the soil around city D because the region usually has nearly flat surfaces permeable soil a frozen surface a small amount of runoff 185) Based on the climate graphs shown, during which season does city B usually experience the month with the highest average precipitation? summer winter spring fall 186) Based on the climate graphs shown, city A has very little variation in temperature during the year because city A is located near the center of a large landmass near the equator on the wet side of a mountain on the dry side of a mountain 187) Based on the climate graphs shown, it can be concluded that city C is located in the Southern Hemisphere because city C has its warmest temperatures in January and February its warmest temperatures in July and August small amounts of precipitation throughout the year large amounts of precipitation throughout the year

41 188) The cross section below shows a house on the shore of Lake Ontario in August Page 41 Under which conditions would the wind shown in the cross section most likely occur? at 10 p.m., when the air over land is 70DF and the air over the lake is 72DF at 6 a.m., when the air over land is 70DF and the air over the lake is 70DF at 2 a.m., when the air over land is 70DF and the air over the lake is 80DF at 2 p.m., when the air over land is 80DF and the air over the lake is 70DF 189) Snowfall is rare at the South Pole because the air over the South Pole is usually rising and moist rising and dry sinking and dry sinking and moist Questions 190 and 191 refer to the following: The weather instrument shown below can be used to determine relative humidity and dewpoint. 190) Based on the values shown on the given weather instrument, what is the dewpoint? 33DC 8DC -5DC 2DC 191) Based on the temperatures shown on the given weather instrument, what is the relative humidity? 40% 33% 2% 19% 192) The upward movement of air in the atmosphere generally causes the temperature of that air to increase and become farther from the dewpoint increase and become closer to the dewpoint decrease and become closer to the dewpoint decrease and become farther from the dewpoint