data manipulation (2)
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1 Information Science in Action Week 06 data manipulation (2) College of Information Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University
2 last week: data manipulation (1) the evolution of protocols push vs. pull models entry sensing scanning data collection sensor processor supervisor data scraping historical examples transmission server data centre modern applications storage scraped data encodings for machine presentation organisation request response Internet for human interpretation retrieval client practical obtaining data from Wikipedia 2
3 this week: data manipulation (2) a real data server data collection HTTP request format entry sensing scanning data collection sensor processor supervisor response format transmission server data centre scraping results storage organisation request response Internet real data encoding metar practical decoding metars retrieval analysis client 3
4 review: universal resource indicators common way to write addresses in a human-readable form scheme:[//[user[:password]@]host[:port]] (where [x] indicates an optional component x) scheme indicates the protocol (and implies a default port) if one protocol encapsulates another, multiple schemes are separated by + signs e.g., svn+ssh indicates the svn protocol (port 3690) will be used encapsulated within ssh (port 22) user, password specify authority (login) credentials for the connection host specifies an IP address, symbolically or numerically port specifies which process (server) is to be contacted default value depends on the scheme (defaults listed in the file /etc/services) the above parts of the URI are interpreted at the sending side selects which protocol and port to use, and which remote machine to contact may also be used to select which application to run; e.g., in a MacOS X terminal, try: open opens your default web browser open ftp://speedtest.tele2.net opens a Finder window open vnc://localhost tries (in vain) to open screen sharing 4
5 uniform resource identifiers a request for a resource or action optionally follows the address scheme:[//[user[:password]@]host[:port]][/path][?query][#fragment] path names some hierarchical resource or action desired of the server must begin with a slash / (but cannot begin with two slashes // ) looks like a POSIX (BSD, MacOS, Linux) path (file) name additional / characters used to specify a resource hierarchically, e.g: query permits adding key-value parameters to the request separated by & path?key1=value1&key2=value2&... e.g: fragment permits specifying a section or index within the resource web browsers use the fragment to scroll the page to the desired location note: in that case the fragment is interpreted by the client, not the server 5
6 review: regular expressions in Python import re m = re.search("regular expression ", string) if m: # regular expression found within string where regular expression can contain literal characters, which match themselves re.search("abc", "hello") None # aka False re.search("ell", "hello") a match object # aka True character sets, which match any one of the members re.search("e[xyz]l", "hello") None re.search("e[klm]l", "hello") a match object parentheses, for grouping, which also save the matched substring re.search("e([xyz])l", "hello") None re.search("e([klm])l", "hello") a match object re.search("e([klm])l", "hello").group(1) "l" re.search("(e[klm]l)", "hello").group(1) "ell" e.g., to extract an ISO-formatted date (YYYY-MM-DD) from anywhere within a string m = re.match("([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9])", string) if m: print m.group(1) else: print "no date found" 6
7 more regular expression features in Python repetition, zero or more times: x * yes* matches ye, yes, yessssssssssssssssssss, etc. repetition, one or more time(s): x + no+ matches no, noooooooooo, etc. repetition, zero or one time(s): x? too? matches to and too only 7
8 more regular expression features in Python grouping and repetition work together import re for string in [ 0, 11, -100, +123, -+-9aa, +, -, signed -42 number ]: m = re.search("([-+])?([0-9]+)", string) print string, "=>", if m: # regular expression found within string print "sign", m.group(1), "magnitude", m.group(2) else: print m 0 => sign None magnitude 0 11 => sign None magnitude => sign - magnitude => sign + magnitude aa => sign - magnitude 9 + => None - => None signed -42 number => sign - magnitude 42 8
9 more regular expression features in Python in a regular expression ^ matches the beginning of the string $ matches the end of the string re.match() finds a match only at the start of the string re.match("regex", s) is equivalent to re.search("^ regex", s) to match a regex only at the end of the string re.search("regex $", string) to ensure the entire string matches re.search("^ regex $", string) ^ and $ are called anchors they don t match characters, they match positions before or after the string itself 9
10 meteorological information sources 10
11 weather information format 11
12 aviation digital data service aggregates METAR weather reports from the whole world METAR meteorological aerodrome report the most common format for the transmission of observational weather data standardized by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) METARs from anywhere can be understood by anyone e.g., report on previous page SLLP Z 08008KT 9999 ////// 13/M11 Q1041 station date, wind visibility clouds temperature barometric name time direction and pressure (UTC) and speed dew point current world-wide reports available by HTTP 12
13 data request parameters parameters follow the usual URI conventions in particular, multiple parameters are separated with & characters e.g., for Osaka Itami (station code RJOO) datasource=metars the kind of information requested & requesttype=retrieve get data (rather than server status, etc.) & format=csv comma-separated, not XML (which is hard to parse) & stationstring=rjoo the station we want data from & hoursbeforenow=36 how far back to search (36 hours is about the limit) & mostrecentforeachstation=constraint one result per station 13
14 data response format No errors No warnings 3 ms data source=metars 1 results raw_text,station_id,...more column headings... RJOO Z 23005KT 190V260 CAVOK 22/11 Q1013 RMK A2992,RJOO,... first six lines contain meta information about the query and response format data begins on line 7 everything up to the first comma is the METAR data to scrape the response remove the first six lines for each remaining line remove the first comma and everything following it decode the (space-separated) fields 14
15 scraping the response the first field is always the station name: RJOO the second field is always the time of the observation: Z day of month (two digits) time of day (four digits) the letter Z indicating the timezone (always Zulu, aka GMT, aka UTC+0) some of the remaining fields might be missing each field designed to be unambiguous identify the field type using a regular expression once the type is identified, extract the content from known positions 15
16 scraping the response e.g., wind direction and speed: 23005KT always five digits followed by KT regular expression to match this field: [0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]KT direction is field[0:3] speed is field[3:5] temperature / dew point (in centigrade degrees): 22/ 11 the temperatures are always two digits the letter M is used instead of a negative sign a temperature of 11 C and dew point 5 C would be encoded 10/M05 barometric pressure: Q1013 regular expression: Q[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9] pressure is field[1:5] 16
17 scraping the response cloud information is a little harder to decode SKC and CAVOK both mean the sky is clear CLR means no clouds below 12,000 feet OVC means overcast FEW, SCT, BKN mean few, scattered or broken clouds followed by three digits giving their altitude in 100s of feet BKN013 broken clouds with bases at 1,300 feet the information can be repeated for multiple cloud layers FEW008 SCT010 BKN100 if any part of the information is missing, the three characters are replaced with /// BKN/// broken clouds with unknown base altitude ////// cloud information unknown 17
18 scraping the response weather (precipitation) information is most complex of all qualifiers weather phenomena moderate MI shallow DZ drizzle BR mist PO dust/sand whirls + heavy PR partial RA rain FG fog SQ squalls - light BC patches SN snow FU smoke FC tornado VC in vicinity DR low drifting SG snow grains VA volcanic ash SS sand/dust storm BL blowing IC ice crystals DU widespread dust SH shower(s) PL ice pellets SA sand TS thunderstorm GR hail HZ haze FZ freezing GS small hail PY spray UP unknown precipitation e.g: VCFU = smoke in the vicinity -SHRA = light rain showers 18
19 practical: obtaining real-time raw weather data &requesttype=retrieve&format=csv&stationstring=rjoo &hoursbeforenow=36&mostrecentforeachstation=constraint METAR meaning xxyyyyz xxx day at yy:yy hours xxxyykt wind xxx at yy kts VRBxxKT wind variable at xx kts xxxvyyy wind varying fromt xxx to yyy xx/yy temperature xx dew point yy Mxx/Myy temperature -xx dew point -yy 9999 visibility unlimited xxxx visibility xxxx m CAVOK ceiling/visibility OK SKC sky clear CLR sky clear below 12,000 feet OVC sky overcast FEWxxx few clouds at xxx00 feet SCTxxx scattered clouds at xxx00 feet BKNxxx broken clouds at xxx00 feet Qxxxx pressure xxxx mbar Axxxx pressure xxxx inhg 19
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