Extreme precipitation over Southeastern Brazil in the austral summer and relations with the Southern Hemisphere annular mode
|
|
- Jason Hamilton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS Atmos. Sci. Let. 11: (2010) Published online 12 January 2010 in Wiley InterScience ( DOI: /asl.247 Extreme precipitation over Southeastern Brazil in the austral summer and relations with the Southern Hemisphere annular mode Fernanda Cerqueira Vasconcellos* and Iracema F. A. Cavalcanti Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil *Correspondence to: Fernanda Cerqueira Vasconcellos, Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil. Abstract Southeastern Brazil is a highly industrialized and populated region which largely contributes to the country s economy. Extreme precipitation over this region can cause floods and landslides occurrences or lack of precipitation that can affect many sectors of economy. The objective of this work is to identify atmospheric characteristics associated with austral summer extreme precipitation over part of Southeastern Brazil. The atmospheric characteristics obtained from wet and dry composites suggest that extreme precipitation was associated with anomalous circulation over the region, forced by a PSA-like wavetrain intensified by the Southern Annular Mode. Copyright 2010 Royal Meteorological Society Received: 20 August 2009 Revised: 14 October 2009 Accepted: 26 October 2009 Keywords: Extreme precipitation; PSA pattern; S. H. annular mode; Southeastern Brazil 1. Introduction The Southeastern Brazil region is affected by synoptic systems such as frontal systems and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) during summer (December, January, February), which can produce intense precipitation with floods and landslides occurrences near the coastal regions. On the other hand, periods of drought also occur in the region and affect mainly the agriculture and energy sectors. One of these cases was reported by Cavalcanti and Kousky (2001) on the severe drought over Southeastern and Central Brazil, where the lack of rains produced a serious energy crisis in the country, since the generation of power relies on the hydroelectricity management. Anomalous convection and precipitation associated with the SACZ has been discussed by Carvalho et al. (2004) and Cunningham and Cavalcanti (2006) on an intraseasonal scale, Mo (2000) and Mo and N-Paegle (2001) on a monthly scale and Liebmann et al. (1999) on a submonthly scale. In these studies, the Pacific-South America (PSA) teleconnection pattern was associated with the SACZ anomalies. The PSA pattern, one of the dominant modes of climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), was first identified by Mo and Ghil (1987) in EOF analysis as a wavetrain from the central Pacific to South America. Two PSA modes in quadrature with each other, in the intraseasonal band during winter, were analyzed by Mo and Higgins (1998). Mo and N-Paegle (2001) showed a dipole of rainfall deficits over Northern South America and enhanced precipitation over Eastern Brazil associated with PSA 1 during summer. Another precipitation dipole between the SACZ region and Uruguay/Argentina was associated with PSA 2. Teleconnection patterns, including PSA wavetrain influence on South America, were discussed by Cavalcanti (2000). Cunningham and Cavalcanti (2006) also discussed the influence of tropical-extratropical intraseasonal variability through the PSA pattern and the tropical intraseasonal variability through the MJO on SACZ. Another main mode of climate variability in SH is the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) or Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). This oscillation between the middle and high southern latitudes was described by Gong and Wang (1999) and Thompson and Wallace (2000). The prominent feature in the AAO pattern is the strong negative relationship between pressures at 40 and 65 S, as discussed by Gong and Wang (1999). They defined an objective index for the AAO, based on the difference between normalized monthly zonal mean Sea Level Pressure (SLP) at these two latitudes. The positive (negative) index for this oscillation indicates less (higher) than normal SLP at high latitudes. This oscillation is also identified in geopotential data by Thompson and Wallace (2000). Silvestri and Vera (2003) showed negative correlations of AAO phase with precipitation over Paraguay and adjacent regions in November/December and positive correlations in July/August in the same region. Negative correlations (less precipitation in the positive phase) occurred associated with the presence of anticyclonic anomaly over the region, which would reduce Copyright 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
2 22 F. C. Vasconcellos and I. F. A. Cavalcanti the cyclonic synoptic activity and precipitation. They also mention that no significant correlation was found in the summer in that region. An increased (weak) intraseasonal activity in the SH circulation from the tropics to midlatitudes was related to negative (positive) AAO phases in Carvalho et al. (2005). They discuss the observation that cyclones tend to form and to move to lower latitudes during negative phases of the AAO. Rao et al. (2003) examined how the AAO is related to the interannual variability of the storm tracks in the SH. They found an increase of baroclinic eddies growth in midlatitudes, during positive phases of AAO, and a reduction in the negative phases. Thus, it is seen that South America is affected by teleconnection patterns which produce circulation intensification associated with the anomalous precipitation over the continent. The objective of the present study is to analyze atmospheric patterns associated with extreme wet and dry summers over a very populated region of Southeastern Brazil. 2. Data and method The analyzed area (25 20 S, W) in the southern sector of Southeastern Brazil, also comprises a mountainous area close to the sea, named Serra do Mar, vulnerable to landslides and floods. In the current study, monthly precipitation data from GPCP (Adler et al., 2003) and monthly 500 hpa and 700 hpa geopotential height, zonal and meridional wind at 200 hpa from NCEP NCAR Reanalysis 2 (Kanamitsu et al., 2002) for December, January, February (DJF) of were used. The analyses are based on composites of rainfall, geopotential height and wind fields anomalies for the five rainiest and the five driest SH summers, in the analyzed area, obtained from a quintile analysis (Table I). Correlation map between AAO index and monthly precipitation anomalies shows consistent results. The AAO index was calculated from the principal component time series of empirical orthogonal function analysis leading mode of 700 hpa geopotential height monthly mean anomalies poleward of 20 S. Positive (negative) values of AAO index are associated with negative (positive) geopotential height anomalies over Antarctica and positive (negative) geopotential height anomalies at midlatitudes. This methodology was obtained from Climate Prediction Center/NCEP (available on line at 3. Extreme summers precipitation analysis The composite of anomalous precipitation for the rainiest summers, in the analyzed region, shows the positive rainfall anomalies in a northwest southeast band over Southeastern Brazil, typical of the SACZ occurrences, and weaker negative precipitation anomalies to the northeast and to the southwest of this Table I. Classification of the rainiest and the driest summers in the southern sector of Southeastern Brazil (25 20 S, W), based on GPCP data. classification Period Rainiest December 1986 February 1987 December 1994 February 1995 December 1998 February 1999 December 2001 February 2002 December 2002 February 2003 Driest December 1983 February 1984 December 1985 February 1986 December 1989 February 1990 December 1990 February 1991 December 1991 February1992 band (Figure 1(a)). These signs reverse in the driest summers, presenting negative precipitation anomalies over SACZ region and opposite anomalies on both sides (Figure 1(b)). Thus, SACZ frequency and/or intensity seems to be responsible for extreme precipitation over this region during the summer season. The geopotential height anomaly composites at 500 hpa for the extreme wet and dry summers indicate a seesaw between polar region and middle latitudes, typical of the AAO pattern (Figure 2). Although the anomalies are not very large, due to the composite mean that smoothes the field, the patterns are recognizable and show significant values. Negative anomalies over Antarctic and positive anomalies around S occur in the rainiest summers (positive AAO phase). Opposite configuration is seen in the driest summers (negative AAO phase). The significant correlation between AAO and monthly precipitation anomaly in DJF over part of Southeastern Brazil and over the oceanic SACZ region reinforces the composite pattern results (Figure 3). Other contributions for high precipitation in this region in DJF are related to features of the South America monsoon system (Jones and Carvalho, 2002; Gan et al., 2004; Raia and Cavalcanti, 2008). In the present study, features of the extratropical region were identified. The extreme wet cases in the analyzed region occur when the jet stream is strong at high latitudes (westerlies forced by cyclonic circulation at high latitudes and anticylonic circulation at middle latitudes) during positive phases of the AAO. The extreme dry cases occur when the westerlies at high latitudes are reduced and the jet stream is displaced to middle latitudes (anticyclonic circulation at high latitudes and cyclonic circulation at middle latitudes), during negative phases of the AAO. The relation between AAO phases and upper level jets was discussed by Carvalho et al. (2005) who showed the weakening (strengthening) of the subtropical jet at high levels and strengthening (weakening) of the polar jet in the positive (negative) AAO phase. They also showed a modulation of the extratropical cyclones by the AAO with respect to their latitude of origin and their maximum equatorward displacement. The displacement of the subtropical jet to lower latitudes
3 Extreme summers precipitation over Southern Brazil and the SH annular mode 23 (a) (b) Figure 1. Composites of precipitation anomaly (mm/day) in DJF (shaded). (a) Extreme wet summers and (b) extreme dry summers over part of Southeastern Brazil. Areas with 90% significance are shown in contours (t-student test). in the negative phase induced cyclone initiation and dissipation also in lower latitudes. This can explain the negative correlation between AAO and precipitation over Southeastern South America (SESA) in November/December identified by Silvestre and Vera (2003). Those results were also consistent with Rao et al. (2003) who found a negative correlation between AAO and the storm tracks at high and subtropical latitudes, and a positive correlation at middle latitudes.
4 24 F. C. Vasconcellos and I. F. A. Cavalcanti (a) (b) Figure 2. Composites of geopotential height anomaly at 500 hpa (m) in DJF (shaded). (a) Extreme wet summers and (b) extreme dry summers over part of Southeastern Brazil. Areas with 90% significance are shown in contours (t-student test). In the present analysis, anomalous positive precipitation occurs in the SACZ region during the positive AAO phase, when anomalous negative rainfall occurs to the south. When the AAO phase is negative, higher than normal precipitation occurs over Uruguay and Northeastern Argentina and there is an extreme deficit of precipitation over Southeastern Brazil. In the extreme wet composite two wavetrains are directed to Southern South America in a PSA-type configuration, one in the subtropical region and another at higher latitudes (Figure 4(a)). The latter wavetrain has a strong cyclonic center anomaly around 120 W, near Antarctica, which seems to be intensified by the polar signal of AAO. These wavetrains induce an anomalous cyclonic anticyclonic circulation pair behind ahead of the analyzed area in the wet summers, affecting the convection over the region. The influence of two upper level wavetrains over Southern Pacific on frost cases in South America during the wintertime was discussed by Müller and Berri (2007). In the driest summers (Figure 4(b)), the configuration of streamline anomaly composites at 200 hpa shows the circulation pair over Southeastern Brazil in opposite phase to the wet case, with an anticyclonic cyclonic circulation pair behind ahead of the analyzed region. In this case the PSA-like wavetrain pattern originates from tropical Indian Ocean. The middle latitude signal of AAO seems to affect the cyclonic circulation anomaly close to the Southwestern South America coast contributing to the wavetrain over the continent. Rossby wavetrain propagation from the tropical Indian Ocean directed to South America was discussed by Saji et al. (2005) when analyzing relations between the Indian Ocean Dipole and surface air temperature. The wavetrain pattern from Southeastern Pacific to the continent is similar to that found in blocking events over Southeastern Pacific (Sinclair 1996; Pezzi and Cavalcanti 1998). Therefore, in the present study, besides the influence of AAO in the position of subtropical and polar jets
5 Extreme summers precipitation over Southern Brazil and the SH annular mode 25 Figure 3. Correlation map between AAO index and monthly precipitation anomalies (DJF) with 90% significance (t-student test). (a) (b) Figure 4. Composites of streamline anomaly at 200 hpa in DJF. (a) Extreme wet summers and (b) extreme dry summers over part of Southeastern Brazil. The shaded area has 90% significance (t-student test) for meridional plus zonal wind. and in the storm tracks and cyclones behavior, previously analyzed, it is shown that the polar and middle latitude signals of AAO affect the anomalous cyclonic center over Southeastern Pacific in wet and dry cases, respectively. Thus, these patterns contribute to the anomalous circulation intensification over Southeastern Brazil, responsible for the extreme precipitation cases.
6 26 F. C. Vasconcellos and I. F. A. Cavalcanti 4. Summary and concluding remarks The focus of this work is on the atmospheric patterns associated with extreme precipitation over Southeastern Brazil, a very populated and industrialized region. The anomalous precipitation was associated with the SACZ occurrences and the atmospheric patterns were related to PSA-type wavetrains, with the Southeast Pacific cyclonic center intensified by the SH annular mode. Excessive precipitation over Southeastern Brazil occurs in the positive AAO phase and a PSA pattern with strong cyclonic center at 120 W near Antarctica. Extremely dry conditions over Southeastern Brazil display negative AAO phase and also a PSA-type pattern but with a significant cyclonic anomaly center close to SESA, in the middle latitudes AAO signal region. It is suggested that AAO intensifies the cyclonic center southwest of South America, which is part of a PSA-type wavetrain, contributing to the intensification of the anomalous circulation pair over Southeastern Brazil. Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) and The State of São Paulo Research Foundation [FAPESP Serra do Mar Project (04/ )] for the research support. The first author acknowledges also FAPESP for a post-graduate scholarship. References Adler RF, Huffman GJ, Chang A, Ferraro R, Xie P, Janowiak J, Rudolf B, Schneider U, Curtis S, Bolvin D, Gruber A, Susskind J, Arkin P, Nelkin E The version 2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979- present). Journal of Hydrometeorology 4: Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Liebmann B The south atlantic convergence zone: intensity, form, persistence, and relationship with intraseasonal to interannual and extreme rainfall. Journal of Climate 17: Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Ambrizzi T Opposite phases of the Antarctic Oscillation and relationships with intraseasonal to interannual activity in the tropics during the austral summer. Journal of Climate 18: Cavalcanti IFA Teleconnection patterns orographically induced in model results and from observational data in the austral winter Southern Hemisphere. International Journal of Climatology 20: Cavalcanti IFA, Kousky VE Drought in Brazil during summer and fall 2001 and associated atmospheric circulation features. Climanálise Monitoring and Climate Analysis Bulletin 2: (INPE PRE/7241). Available in Cunningham CAC, Cavalcanti IFA Intraseasonal modes of variability affecting the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. International Journal of Climatology 26: Gan MA, Kousky VE, Ropelewski CF The South America monsoon circulation and its relationship to rainfall over West-Central Brazil. Journal of Climate 17: Gong D, Wang S Definition of Antarctic Oscillation index. Geophysical Research Letters 26: Jones C, Carvalho LMV Active and break phases in the South American monsoon system. Journal of Climate 15: Kanamitsu M, Ebisuzaki W, Woollen J, Yang S-K, Hnilo JJ, Fiorino M, Potter GL NCEP-DEO AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 83: Liebmann B, Kiladis GN, Marengo JA, Ambrizzi T, Glick JD Submonthly convective variability over South America and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. Journal of Climate 12: Mo KC Relationships between low-frequency variability in the Southern Hemisphere and sea surface temperature anomalies. Journal of Climate 13: Mo KC, Ghil M Statistics and dynamics of persistent anomalies. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 44: Mo KC, Higgins RW The Pacific-South American modes and tropical convection during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Monthly Weather Review 126: Mo KC, N-Paegle J The Pacific-South American modes and their downstream effects. International Journal of Climatology 21: Müller GV, Berri GJ Atmospheric circulation associated with persistent generalized frosts in Central-Southern South America. Monthly Weather Review 135: Pezzi LP, Cavalcanti IFA Temperature and precipitation anomalies over Brazil during the 1995 winter season atmospheric and oceanic characteristics. Revista Brasileira de Geofisica 16: (INPE PRE/7229). Available in php?script=sci arttext&pid=s x &lng=en &nrm=iso&tlng=pt. Raia A, Cavalcanti IFDA The life cycle of the South American monsoon system. Journal of Climate 21: Rao VB, Carmo AMC, Franchito SH Interannual variations of storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere and their connections with the Antarctic Oscillation. International Journal of Climatology 23: Saji NH, Ambrizzi T, Ferraz SET Indian ocean dipole mode events and austral surface air temperature anomalies. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 39: Silvestre GE, Vera CS Antarctic Oscillation signal on precipitation anomalies over southeastern South America. Geophysical Research Letters 30: Sinclair MR A climatology of anticyclones and blocking for the Southern Hemisphere. Monthly Weather Review 124: Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part 1: month-to-month variability. Journal of Climate 13:
Impacts of modes of climate variability, monsoons, ENSO, annular modes
Impacts of modes of climate variability, monsoons, ENSO, annular modes Iracema Fonseca de Albuquerque Cavalcanti National Institute for Space Research INPE Modes of variability- preferred patterns of variability.
More informationCenter for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies/National Institute for Space Research (CPTEC/INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 34: 529 544 (2014) Published online 26 July 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/joc.3729 The relationship between the
More informationCPTEC and NCEP Model Forecast Drift and South America during the Southern Hemisphere Summer
CPTEC and NCEP Model Forecast Drift and South America during the Southern Hemisphere Summer José Antonio Aravéquia 1 Pedro L. Silva Dias 2 (1) Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Research National
More informationThe Influence of Intraseasonal Variations on Medium- to Extended-Range Weather Forecasts over South America
486 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW The Influence of Intraseasonal Variations on Medium- to Extended-Range Weather Forecasts over South America CHARLES JONES Institute for Computational Earth System Science (ICESS),
More informationSHORT COMMUNICATION INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF STORM TRACKS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH THE ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 23: 1537 1545 (2003) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/joc.948 SHORT COMMUNICATION INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS
More informationInter ENSO variability and its influence over the South American monsoon system
Inter ENSO variability and its influence over the South American monsoon system A. R. M. Drumond, T. Ambrizzi To cite this version: A. R. M. Drumond, T. Ambrizzi. Inter ENSO variability and its influence
More informationRelationship between the Southern Annular Mode and. Michelle Simões Reboita, Tércio Ambrizzi and Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha
Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia, v.24, n.1, 48-55, 2009 Relationship between the Southern Annular Mode and Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Systems Michelle Simões Reboita, Tércio Ambrizzi and Rosmeri
More informationPatterns leading to extreme events in Argentina: partial and generalized frosts
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 7: 7 7 (007) Published online February 007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 0.00/joc.7 Patterns leading to extreme events in
More informationInfluence of the midlatitudes on southeastern South American rainfall and circulation on intraseasonal timescales
Influence of the midlatitudes on southeastern South American rainfall and circulation on intraseasonal timescales Mariano S. Alvarez Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Facultad de
More informationMesoscale and High Impact Weather in the South American Monsoon Leila M. V. Carvalho 1 and Maria A. F. Silva Dias 2 1
Mesoscale and High Impact Weather in the South American Monsoon Leila M. V. Carvalho 1 and Maria A. F. Silva Dias 2 1 University of California, Santa Barbara 2 University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Objectives
More informationTeleconnections and Climate predictability
Southern Hemisphere Teleconnections and Climate predictability Carolina Vera CIMA/CONICET University of Buenos Aires, UMI IFAECI/CNRS Buenos Aires, Argentina Motivation Large scale circulation variability
More informationXII Congresso Brasileiro de Meteorologia, Foz de Iguaçu-PR, Climatology of Low-Level Jet East of the Andes as derived from the NCEP reanalyses
Climatology of Low-Level Jet East of the Andes as derived from the NCEP reanalyses Jose A. Marengo, Wagner R. Soares CPTEC/INPE. Sao Paulo, Brazil Celeste Saulo CIMA/UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract
More informationJ5.3 Seasonal Variability over Southeast Brazil related to frontal systems behaviour in a climate simulation with the AGCM CPTEC/COLA.
J5.3 Seasonal Variability over Southeast Brazil related to frontal systems behaviour in a climate simulation with the AGCM CPTEC/COLA. Iracema F.A.Cavalcanti and Luiz Henrique R. Coura Silva Centro de
More informationObserved ENSO teleconnections with the South American monsoon system
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS Atmos. Sci. Let. 11: 7 12 (2010) Published online 8 January 2010 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/asl.245 Observed ENSO teleconnections with the
More informationInterannual Variability of the South Atlantic High and rainfall in Southeastern South America during summer months
Interannual Variability of the South Atlantic High and rainfall in Southeastern South America during summer months Inés Camilloni 1, 2, Moira Doyle 1 and Vicente Barros 1, 3 1 Dto. Ciencias de la Atmósfera
More informationThe feature of atmospheric circulation in the extremely warm winter 2006/2007
The feature of atmospheric circulation in the extremely warm winter 2006/2007 Hiroshi Hasegawa 1, Yayoi Harada 1, Hiroshi Nakamigawa 1, Atsushi Goto 1 1 Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological
More informationKUALA LUMPUR MONSOON ACTIVITY CENT
T KUALA LUMPUR MONSOON ACTIVITY CENT 2 ALAYSIAN METEOROLOGICAL http://www.met.gov.my DEPARTMENT MINISTRY OF SCIENCE. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIO Introduction Atmospheric and oceanic conditions over the tropical
More informationThe fraction of East Asian interannual climate variability explained by SST in different seasons: an estimation based on 12 CMIP5 models
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS Atmos. Sci. Let. 18: 45 51 (217) Published online 9 January 217 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 1.12/asl.722 The fraction of East Asian interannual climate
More informationCLIMATE SIMULATION AND ASSESSMENT OF PREDICTABILITY OF RAINFALL IN THE SOUTHEASTERN SOUTH AMERICA REGION USING THE CPTEC/COLA ATMOSPHERIC MODEL
CLIMATE SIMULATION AND ASSESSMENT OF PREDICTABILITY OF RAINFALL IN THE SOUTHEASTERN SOUTH AMERICA REGION USING THE CPTEC/COLA ATMOSPHERIC MODEL JOSÉ A. MARENGO, IRACEMA F.A.CAVALCANTI, GILVAN SAMPAIO,
More informationChanges in Southern Hemisphere rainfall, circulation and weather systems
19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Perth, Australia, 12 16 December 2011 http://mssanz.org.au/modsim2011 Changes in Southern Hemisphere rainfall, circulation and weather systems Frederiksen,
More informationSE Atlantic SST variability and southern African climate
SE Atlantic SST variability and southern African climate Chris Reason Oceanography Dept, Univ. Cape Town Overview of southern African climate and tropical Atlantic SST South American monsoon, Benguela
More informationInterdecadal and Interannnual Variabilities of the Antarctic Oscillation Simulated by CAM3
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCE LETTERS, 2014, VOL. 7, NO. 6, 515 520 Interdecadal and Interannnual Variabilities of the Antarctic Oscillation Simulated by CAM3 XUE Feng 1, SUN Dan 2,3, and ZHOU Tian-Jun
More information3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation
3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation Copyright 2006 Emily Shuckburgh, University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without permission. EFS 3/1 Review of key results
More informationHigh initial time sensitivity of medium range forecasting observed for a stratospheric sudden warming
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37,, doi:10.1029/2010gl044119, 2010 High initial time sensitivity of medium range forecasting observed for a stratospheric sudden warming Yuhji Kuroda 1 Received 27 May
More informationIntroduction of products for Climate System Monitoring
Introduction of products for Climate System Monitoring 1 Typical flow of making one month forecast Textbook P.66 Observed data Atmospheric and Oceanic conditions Analysis Numerical model Ensemble forecast
More informationNorthern hemisphere storm tracks in strong AO anomaly winters
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS Atmos. Sci. Let. (2008) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).186 Northern hemisphere storm tracks in strong AO anomaly winters Ji Nie,* Peng Wang,
More informationP2.11 DOES THE ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION MODULATE TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC
P2.11 DOES THE ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION MODULATE TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC Joo-Hong Kim*, Chang-Hoi Ho School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
More informationInfluence of Cross-Andes Flow on the South American Low-Level Jet
15 MARCH 2004 WANG AND FU 1247 Influence of Cross-Andes Flow on the South American Low-Level Jet HUI WANG AND RONG FU School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,
More information1. INTRODUCTION. Copyright 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 24: 415 435 (2004) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/joc.1000 THE INFLUENCE OF THE TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL
More informationImpacts of Two Types of El Niño on Atmospheric Circulation in the Southern Hemisphere
ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, VOL. 30, NO. 6, 2013, 1732 1742 Impacts of Two Types of El Niño on Atmospheric Circulation in the Southern Hemisphere SUN Dan 1,2 ( ), XUE Feng 1 ( ), and ZHOU Tianjun
More informationThe Planetary Circulation System
12 The Planetary Circulation System Learning Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. describe and account for the global patterns of pressure, wind patterns and ocean currents
More informationCharles Jones ICESS University of California, Santa Barbara CA Outline
The Influence of Tropical Variations on Wintertime Precipitation in California: Pineapple express, Extreme rainfall Events and Long-range Statistical Forecasts Charles Jones ICESS University of California,
More informationLong-Term Trend and Decadal Variability of Persistence of Daily 500-mb Geopotential Height Anomalies during Boreal Winter
OCTOBER 2009 D I N G A N D L I 3519 Long-Term Trend and Decadal Variability of Persistence of Daily 500-mb Geopotential Height Anomalies during Boreal Winter RUIQIANG DING AND JIANPING LI State Key Laboratory
More informationDYNAMICAL CONDITIONS AND SYNOPTIC TRACKS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF COLD SURGE OVER TROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 25: 215 241 (25) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 1.12/joc.18 DYNAMICAL CONDITIONS AND SYNOPTIC TRACKS ASSOCIATED
More informationEast-west SST contrast over the tropical oceans and the post El Niño western North Pacific summer monsoon
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L15706, doi:10.1029/2005gl023010, 2005 East-west SST contrast over the tropical oceans and the post El Niño western North Pacific summer monsoon Toru Terao Faculty
More informationThe ENSO s Effect on Eastern China Rainfall in the Following Early Summer
ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 2009, 333 342 The ENSO s Effect on Eastern China Rainfall in the Following Early Summer LIN Zhongda ( ) andluriyu( F ) Center for Monsoon System Research,
More informationA possible mechanism for the co-variability of the boreal spring Antarctic Oscillation and the Yangtze River valley summer rainfall
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 29: 1276 1284 (2009) Published online 3 December 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).1773 A possible mechanism for the co-variability
More informationEstimating the intermonth covariance between rainfall and the atmospheric circulation
ANZIAM J. 52 (CTAC2010) pp.c190 C205, 2011 C190 Estimating the intermonth covariance between rainfall and the atmospheric circulation C. S. Frederiksen 1 X. Zheng 2 S. Grainger 3 (Received 27 January 2011;
More informationInterannual Variability of Daily Extreme Precipitation Events in the State of São Paulo, Brazil
208 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE Interannual Variability of Daily Extreme Precipitation Events in the State of São Paulo, Brazil BRANT LIEBMANN Climate Diagnostics Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
More informationTropical drivers of the Antarctic atmosphere
Tropical drivers of the Antarctic atmosphere Bradford S. Barrett Gina R. Henderson Oceanography Department U. S. Naval Academy Acknowledge support of: NSF awards ARC-1203843 and AGS-1240143 ONR award N1416WX01752
More information1. Introduction. wet season; antisymmetric area; South American monsoon. Received 31 March 2011; Revised 14 November 2011; Accepted 15 November 2011
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 33: 188 198 (2013) Published online 13 December 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/joc.3417 Some considerations on
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 23 April 2012
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 23 April 2012 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationThe Coupled Model Predictability of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon with Different Leading Times
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCE LETTERS, 2012, VOL. 5, NO. 3, 219 224 The Coupled Model Predictability of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon with Different Leading Times LU Ri-Yu 1, LI Chao-Fan 1,
More informationIntroduction of climate monitoring and analysis products for one-month forecast
Introduction of climate monitoring and analysis products for one-month forecast TCC Training Seminar on One-month Forecast on 13 November 2018 10:30 11:00 1 Typical flow of making one-month forecast Observed
More informationThai Meteorological Department, Ministry of Digital Economy and Society
Thai Meteorological Department, Ministry of Digital Economy and Society Three-month Climate Outlook For November 2017 January 2018 Issued on 31 October 2017 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationENSO-RELATED RAINFALL ANOMALIES IN SOUTH AMERICA AND ASSOCIATED CIRCULATION FEATURES DURING WARM AND COLD PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION REGIMES
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 25: 217 23 (25) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 1.12/joc.1222 ENSO-RELATED RAINFALL ANOMALIES IN SOUTH AMERICA
More informationThe North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact
1 The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact James W. Hurrell National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate and Global Dynamics Division, Climate Analysis Section
More informationInstituto Geofisico del Perú (IGP), Lima, Peru; 2. University at Albany- State University of New York, New York, USA; 3
Impacts of different ENSO flavors and tropical Pacific convection variability (ITCZ and SPCZ) on austral summer rainfall in South America, with a focus on Peru Juan Sulca 1, *, Ken Takahashi 1, Jhan-Carlo
More informationTROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS
Notes of the tutorial lectures for the Natural Sciences part by Alice Grimm Fourth lecture TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS Anomalous tropical SST Anomalous convection Anomalous latent heat source Anomalous
More informationPossible Roles of Atlantic Circulations on the Weakening Indian Monsoon Rainfall ENSO Relationship
2376 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE Possible Roles of Atlantic Circulations on the Weakening Indian Monsoon Rainfall ENSO Relationship C.-P. CHANG, PATRICK HARR, AND JIANHUA JU Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate
More informationJournalofGeophysicalResearch: Atmospheres
JournalofGeophysicalResearch: Atmospheres RESEARCH ARTICLE Key Points: There is a connection between the tropical Pacific and the winter climate The SVD2 influence the winter climate over a large area
More informationWhat is the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)?
What is the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)? Planetary scale, 30 90 day oscillation in zonal wind, precipitation, surface pressure, humidity, etc., that propagates slowly eastward Wavelength = 12,000 20,000
More informationSouthern Hemisphere mean zonal wind in upper troposphere and East Asian summer monsoon circulation
Chinese Science Bulletin 2006 Vol. 51 No. 12 1508 1514 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-2009-0 Southern Hemisphere mean zonal wind in upper troposphere and East Asian summer monsoon circulation WANG Huijun 1 &
More informationUnderstanding the SAM influence on the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection
Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-010-0905-0 Understanding the SAM influence on the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection Ryan L. Fogt David H. Bromwich Keith M. Hines Received: 11 September 2009 / Accepted: 3 September
More informationA pole to pole west Pacific atmospheric teleconnection during August
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. D18, 4359, doi:10.1029/2001jd001335, 2002 A pole to pole west Pacific atmospheric teleconnection during August Keith M. Hines 1 and David H. Bromwich 1,2
More informationThe Atmospheric Circulation
The Atmospheric Circulation Vertical structure of the Atmosphere http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/atmosphere/atmospheric_structure.html The global heat engine [courtesy Kevin Trenberth,
More informationAtmospheric Circulation Associated with Persistent Generalized Frosts in Central-Southern South America
1268 M O N T H L Y W E A T H E R R E V I E W VOLUME 135 Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Persistent Generalized Frosts in Central-Southern South America GABRIELA V. MÜLLER Instituto de Astronomia,
More informationThe Interdecadal Variation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High as Measured by 500 hpa Eddy Geopotential Height
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCE LETTERS, 2015, VOL. 8, NO. 6, 371 375 The Interdecadal Variation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High as Measured by 500 hpa Eddy Geopotential Height HUANG Yan-Yan and
More informationPossible influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110,, doi:10.1029/2005jd005766, 2005 Possible influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific Chang-Hoi Ho, Joo-Hong
More informationVerification of the Seasonal Forecast for the 2005/06 Winter
Verification of the Seasonal Forecast for the 2005/06 Winter Shingo Yamada Tokyo Climate Center Japan Meteorological Agency 2006/11/02 7 th Joint Meeting on EAWM Contents 1. Verification of the Seasonal
More informationClimate Forecast Applications Network (CFAN)
Forecast of 2018 Atlantic Hurricane Activity April 5, 2018 Summary CFAN s inaugural April seasonal forecast for Atlantic tropical cyclone activity is based on systematic interactions among ENSO, stratospheric
More informationDelayed Response of the Extratropical Northern Atmosphere to ENSO: A Revisit *
Delayed Response of the Extratropical Northern Atmosphere to ENSO: A Revisit * Ruping Mo Pacific Storm Prediction Centre, Environment Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada Corresponding author s address: Ruping
More informationA Preliminary Climatology of Extratropical Transitions in the Southwest Indian Ocean
A Preliminary Climatology of Extratropical Transitions in the Southwest Indian Ocean Kyle S. Griffin Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New
More informationEl Niño, South American Monsoon, and Atlantic Niño links as detected by a. TOPEX/Jason Observations
El Niño, South American Monsoon, and Atlantic Niño links as detected by a decade of QuikSCAT, TRMM and TOPEX/Jason Observations Rong Fu 1, Lei Huang 1, Hui Wang 2, Paola Arias 1 1 Jackson School of Geosciences,
More informationJ3.3 DECADAL VARIABILITY OF THE ENSO TELECONNECTION TO THE SOUTH PACIFIC GOVERNED BY COUPLING WITH THE ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION
J3.3 DECADAL VARIABILITY OF THE ENSO TELECONNECTION TO THE SOUTH PACIFIC GOVERNED BY COUPLING WITH THE ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION Ryan L. Fogt 1,2 and David H. Bromwich 1,2 1 Polar Meteorology Group, Byrd Polar
More informationThe Formation of Precipitation Anomaly Patterns during the Developing and Decaying Phases of ENSO
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCE LETTERS, 2010, VOL. 3, NO. 1, 25 30 The Formation of Precipitation Anomaly Patterns during the Developing and Decaying Phases of ENSO HU Kai-Ming and HUANG Gang State Key
More informationThe increase of snowfall in Northeast China after the mid 1980s
Article Atmospheric Science doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5508-1 The increase of snowfall in Northeast China after the mid 1980s WANG HuiJun 1,2* & HE ShengPing 1,2,3 1 Nansen-Zhu International Research Center,
More informationAssociation between Australian rainfall and the Southern Annular Mode
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 7: 19 11 (7) Published online July in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).137 Association between Australian rainfall and the Southern
More informationTROPICAL PACIFIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC EFFECTS ON RAINFALL VARIABILITY OVER NORTHEAST BRAZIL
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 26: 1895 1912 (2006) Published online 3 May 2006 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).1341 TROPICAL PACIFIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC EFFECTS
More informationWeakening relationship between East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO after mid-1970s
Article Progress of Projects Supported by NSFC Atmospheric Science doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5285-x Weakening relationship between East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO after mid-1970s WANG HuiJun 1,2* & HE
More informationBenjamin J. Moore. Education. Professional experience
Benjamin J. Moore Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany, New York, 12222 phone: +1 507 398 7427 email: bjmoore@albany.edu
More informationContrasting impacts of spring thermal conditions over Tibetan Plateau on late-spring to early-summer precipitation in southeast China
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS Atmos. Sci. Let. 12: 309 315 (2011) Published online 6 May 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/asl.343 Contrasting impacts of spring thermal conditions
More informationDefinition of Antarctic Oscillation Index
1 Definition of Antarctic Oscillation Index Daoyi Gong and Shaowu Wang Department of Geophysics, Peking University, P.R. China Abstract. Following Walker s work about his famous three oscillations published
More informationDynamics of the Extratropical Response to Tropical Heating
Regional and Local Climate Modeling and Analysis Research Group R e L o C l i m Dynamics of the Extratropical Response to Tropical Heating (1) Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WegCenter) and
More informationObserved Patterns of Month-to-Month Storm-Track Variability and Their Relationship to the Background Flow*
1420 J O U R N A L O F T H E A T M O S P H E R I C S C I E N C E S VOLUME 67 Observed Patterns of Month-to-Month Storm-Track Variability and Their Relationship to the Background Flow* JUSTIN J. WETTSTEIN
More informationSouthern Hemisphere cyclones and anticyclones: Recent trends and links with decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 7: 403 49 (007) Published online 6 February 007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 0.00/joc.477 Southern Hemisphere cyclones
More informationCharacteristics of Storm Tracks in JMA s Seasonal Forecast Model
Characteristics of Storm Tracks in JMA s Seasonal Forecast Model Akihiko Shimpo 1 1 Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan Correspondence: ashimpo@naps.kishou.go.jp INTRODUCTION
More informationWhat kind of stratospheric sudden warming propagates to the troposphere?
What kind of stratospheric sudden warming propagates to the troposphere? Ken I. Nakagawa 1, and Koji Yamazaki 2 1 Sapporo District Meteorological Observatory, Japan Meteorological Agency Kita-2, Nishi-18,
More informationEurasian Snow Cover Variability and Links with Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling and Their Potential Use in Seasonal to Decadal Climate Predictions
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Test Bed Joint Seminar Series NCEP, Camp Springs, Maryland, 22 June 2011 Eurasian Snow Cover Variability and Links with Stratosphere-Troposphere
More informationThe dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the summer season
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. (7) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI:./qj.7 The dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation
More informationSnow water equivalent variability and forecast in Lithuania
BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 7: 457 462 ISSN 1239-6095 Helsinki 23 December 2002 2002 Snow water equivalent variability and forecast in Lithuania Egidijus Rimkus and Gintautas Stankunavichius Department
More informationSeasonal Climate Outlook for South Asia (June to September) Issued in May 2014
Ministry of Earth Sciences Earth System Science Organization India Meteorological Department WMO Regional Climate Centre (Demonstration Phase) Pune, India Seasonal Climate Outlook for South Asia (June
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 5 August 2013
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 5 August 2013 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationPRECIPITATION FROM VERTICAL MOTION: A STATISTICAL DIAGNOSTIC SCHEME
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 23: 903 919 (2003) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/joc.919 PRECIPITATION FROM VERTICAL MOTION: A
More informationAntarctic Sea Ice: Mean state and variability in CCSM control run. Laura Landrum, Marika Holland, Dave Schneider, Elizabeth Hunke
Antarctic Sea Ice: Mean state and variability in CCSM4 1850 control run Laura Landrum, Marika Holland, Dave Schneider, Elizabeth Hunke Overview Model years and variables Mean state and some comparisons
More informationConference on Teleconnections in the Atmosphere and Oceans November 2008
1968-38 Conference on Teleconnections in the Atmosphere and Oceans 17-20 November 2008 Mid-latitude - MJO teleconnection over East Asia in the Northern winter KIM Baekmin Yonsei University Dept. of Atmospheric
More informationUPDATE OF REGIONAL WEATHER AND SMOKE HAZE (December 2017)
UPDATE OF REGIONAL WEATHER AND SMOKE HAZE (December 2017) 1. Review of Regional Weather Conditions for November 2017 1.1 In November 2017, Southeast Asia experienced inter-monsoon conditions in the first
More informationGeneral Circulation. Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
General Circulation Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory nili@ldeo.columbia.edu Latitudinal Radiation Imbalance The annual mean, averaged around latitude circles, of the balance between the
More informationGeneral Circulation of the Atmosphere. René Garreaud
General Circulation of the Atmosphere René Garreaud www.dgf.uchile.cl/rene General circulation of the Atmosphere Low latitude areas receive more solar energy than high latitudes (because of earth sphericity).
More informationWind: Global Systems Chapter 10
Wind: Global Systems Chapter 10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere General circulation of the atmosphere describes average wind patterns and is useful for understanding climate Over the earth, incoming
More informationENSO, AO, and climate in Japan. 15 November 2016 Yoshinori Oikawa, Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency
ENSO, AO, and climate in Japan 15 November 2016 Yoshinori Oikawa, Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency Aims of this lecture At the end of the yesterday s lecture, Hare-run said, - In the exercise
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 15 July 2013
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 15 July 2013 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationThe Enhanced Drying Effect of Central-Pacific El Niño on US Winter
1 2 3 The Enhanced Drying Effect of Central-Pacific El Niño on US Winter 4 5 6 Jin-Yi Yu * and Yuhao Zou 7 8 9 Department of Earth System Science University of California, Irvine, CA 10 11 12 13 14 15
More informationUPDATE OF REGIONAL WEATHER AND SMOKE HAZE (February 2018)
UPDATE OF REGIONAL WEATHER AND SMOKE HAZE (February 2018) 1. Review of Regional Weather Conditions for January 2018 1.1 The prevailing Northeast monsoon conditions over Southeast Asia strengthened in January
More informationA Synoptic Climatology of Heavy Precipitation Events in California
A Synoptic Climatology of Heavy Precipitation Events in California Alan Haynes Hydrometeorological Analysis and Support (HAS) Forecaster National Weather Service California-Nevada River Forecast Center
More informationAnalysis on the decadal scale variation of the dust storm in North China
2260 Science in China Ser. D Earth Sciences 2005 Vol.48 No.12 2260 2266 Analysis on the decadal scale variation of the dust storm in North China KANG Dujuan 1,2 & WANG Huijun 1 1. NZC/LASG, Institute of
More informationGlobal Climate Patterns and Their Impacts on North American Weather
Global Climate Patterns and Their Impacts on North American Weather By Julie Malmberg and Jessica Lowrey, Western Water Assessment Introduction This article provides a broad overview of various climate
More informationA Preliminary Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports in the Southern Hemisphere
A Preliminary Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports in the Southern Hemisphere Undergraduate Research, ATM 499 Fall 2010 Spring 2011 Date: 2 May 2011 ALICIA M. BENTLEY, LANCE F. BOSART, and JASON M.
More informationWATER VAPOUR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL TEMPERATE TROUGH SYSTEMS OVER SOUTHERN AFRICA AND THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 24: 68 (2004) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 0.002/joc.023 WATER VAPOUR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL
More informationSeasonal Climate Watch January to May 2016
Seasonal Climate Watch January to May 2016 Date: Dec 17, 2015 1. Advisory Most models are showing the continuation of a strong El-Niño episode towards the latesummer season with the expectation to start
More information