APS Science Curriculum Unit Planner

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1 APS Science Curriculum Unit Planner Grade Level/Subject The Universe Stage 1: Desired Results Enduring Understanding Galaxies are some of the largest collections of matter in the Universe, and we reside in one. Several billion years ago the Universe was extremely hot and dense and some event caused it to expand and to continue to expand today. General knowledge of the Universe, its structure and future, is still in preliminary stages. Correlations Unifying Understanding VA SOL NSES (grade level) 1. Humans use science to organize their understanding of the natural world. 2. Our universe is composed of various forms of matter and energy that exist, interact, and change in a variety of ways. 3. Form and composition are related to function. 5. Change is constant. 6. Patterns and cycles exist in nature. 7. Motion is a function of force. N/A Content Standard A Content Standard B Content Standard D Content Standard E Content Standard G Essential Questions What defines a galaxy? How do we know galaxies exist? What galaxy do we live in and where inside the galaxy do we live? How are galaxies classified? How do we know galaxies are moving away from us? How have astronomers determined the distances to galaxies? What is the role of dark matter in galaxy formation? How is the Universe organized? How did the Universe begin?how can we tell how old the universe is? What is the history of the universe according to the Big Bang theory? What is occurring to the Universe? How do we know the Universe is changing? What will occur to the Universe in the future?

2 Are we alone in the Universe? Knowledge and Skills Students should know: What makes up a galaxy. The different types of galaxies and the characteristics of each. The properties of the Milky Way galaxy. The approximate location of the Earth in the galaxy The observations available to confirm or support the knowledge that the Milky Way exists. How spiral arms are produced. What is in the middle of the Milky Way Galaxy. Dark Matter and Dark Energy and what the mass of the Milky Way has to do with both. Billions of galaxies, each of which is a gravitationally bound cluster of stars, now form most of the visible mass in the universe. The Hubble Classification Scheme. How astronomers organize galaxies in space. How galaxies interact. The characteristics of the closest galaxy to the Milky Way. Hubble s Law. The characteristics of active galaxies and quasars. Cosmology and the two assumptions of the Cosmological Principle. Big Bang: the leading theory on how the Universe began. Evidence that supports the big bang theory. Through observations, what is currently occurring to the Universe. The leading theories on what will happen to the Universe. The characteristics of life. Evidence that supports the idea that life as we know it existed or exists in other parts of the solar system. The characteristics of objects that are candidates for potential habitats for life as we know it. The Drake equation. Four man-made NASA probes have been sent out to explore lands outside our solar system Students should be able to: Classify galaxies using the Hubble Classification Scheme based on their characteristics Investigate and demonstrate understanding of the differences in variable stars, binary star groups and clusters. Students can identify discoveries by Henrietta Leavitt and Harlow. Conduct an investigation simulating the period luminosity relationship of variable stars and demonstrate reasoning and logic in explaining how they define the shape of our galaxy and the evidence for the existence of galaxies. Distinguish between different populations of stars and types of clusters, reddening and extinction. Explain bending of starlight and effects of speed of light travel including time dilation in terms of the theory of relativity. Label a drawing of the Milky Way Galaxy indicating all major components and describe the formation of structure and the gravity wave theory. Investigate and demonstrate rotational movement of the Milky Way Galaxy based on observed Doppler shift of 21 cm radiation. Investigate and demonstrate understanding of the major classification of galaxies and events

3 leading to their formation including interrelationships of gravitational forces; angular momentum and density waves. Describe the supragalactic structure of the Universe including clusters. Analyze evidence that demonstrates the expansion of the Universe by plotting Hubble's relationship and applying scientific reasoning. Demonstrate understanding of the discovery and significance of quasars and determine the velocity of a quasar using photographs of a quasar's spectrum. Compare and contrast Big Bang versus Steady State cosmologies as well as open, closed, and oscillating universes. The student will relate events surrounding the discovery of the primordial background radiation to the events surrounding the origin of the universe. Use Drake s Equation to calculate the possibility for the existence of life outside the Earth. Compare and contrast the following vehicles: Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 which are all currently exploring areas outside our solar system. Stage 2: Assessment Evidence Prior Knowledge and Skills SOL The sun is the source of heat and light that warms the land, air, and water; and night and day are caused by the rotation of the Earth. a) the sun is the source of energy and light that warms the land, air, and water; and b) the sun s relative position in the morning is east and in the late afternoon is west. SOL The student will investigate and understand basic patterns and cycles occurring in nature. a) patterns of natural events such as day and night, seasonal changes, simple phases of the moon, and tides; SOL The student will investigate and understand basic characteristics of visible light and how it behaves. Key concepts include a) transverse waves; b) the visible spectrum; c) opaque, transparent, and translucent; d) reflection of light from reflective surfaces; and e) refraction of light through water and prisms. SOL The student will investigate and understand that matter is anything that has mass and takes up space; and occurs as a solid, liquid, or gas. a) distinguishing properties of each phase of matter; b) the effect of temperature on the phases of matter; c) atoms and elements; d) molecules and compounds; and e) mixtures including solutions. SOL The student will investigate and understand the organization of the solar system and the interactions among the various bodies that comprise it. a) the sun, moon, Earth, other planets and their moons, dwarf planets, meteors, asteroids, and comets; b) relative size of and distance between planets; c) the role of gravity; d) revolution and rotation; e) the mechanics of day and night and the phases of the moon; f) the unique properties of Earth as a planet;

4 g) the relationship of Earth s tilt and the seasons; h) the cause of tides; and i) the history and technology of space exploration SOL PS.7 - The student will investigate and understand temperature scales, heat, and thermal energy transfer. Key concepts include a) Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales and absolute zero; b) phase change, freezing point, melting point, boiling point, vaporization, and condensation; c) conduction, convection, and radiation; and d) applications of thermal energy transfer. SOL PS.11 - The student will investigate and understand basic principles of electricity and magnetism. b) relationship between a magnetic field and an electric current; c) electromagnets, motors, and generators and their uses Formative Assessment Informal assessment through observation of students participation in oral questioning; Formal assessment, using grading rubrics, of lab activities, assignments, and projects; Stage 3: Learning Plan Summative Assessment Formal assessment, twice each quarter, using written tests References to Adopted Materials Chapters 22-27; ASTRONOMY: Journey to the Cosmic Frontier, John D. Fix, 5th Edition; 2008; Suggested Investigations Starry Night Pro (included with textbook) Astronomical Observations (Exercise 17); Applications and Investigations in Earth Science; Tarbuck, Lutgens, and Pinzke; 3rd Edition; 2000; Hubble s Law Lab Expanding Universe Lab Drake Equation Lab Outdoor Education Applications Trip to APS Outdoor Lab for use of telescopes Use of school telescope on school property Resources Web Sites Textbook Website: Sky and Telescope Websites Listing: Astronomy Websites: NAA s Best Astronomy Websites: Ten Cool Sites (actually many more than 10)...Astronomy:

5 Astronomy Sites: More Astronomy Sites: Websites for Astronomy Teachers: Astronomy Online Labs NASA Educators Activities Imagine the Universe Activities Videos Understanding: The Universe [49:38] From Galileo to the Big Bang Theory to the most recent findings of the Hubble Space Telescope, this video explains complex concepts of astronomy and physics in easy-to-grasp terms. Trips to the world s great observatories and prime stargazing sites reveal how scientists survey the sky and track supernovas and black holes. Discovery Streaming Exploring Space: The Universe: The Vast Reaches of Space [21:30] Explore outer space: Visit the Milky Way and other types of galaxies. Learn about light-years, the life cycles of stars, black holes, and dark matter. Investigate the Big Bang theory and explore how the Doppler effect illustrates the constant expansion of the universe. Discovery Streaming The Universe: An Amazing Journey From the Sun to the Most Distant Galaxies [93 mins] Using images from SOHO, Hubble, TRACE and other orbiting space telescopes, The Universe is a dynamic excursion through over 200 magnificent astronomical objects. Beginning with video of the sun s broiling corona, the program proceeds through the solar system, traveling to the stars and nebulae of the Milky Way, and to galaxies as much as 14 billion light-years away. ASIN: B00007H24F The Universe - The Complete Season One (History Channel) (2007) [705 mins] Each of the minute episodes begins with a general introduction of subjects ranging from the sun to individual planets, alien galaxies, the search for extra-terrestrial life, and scientific theories like the Big Bang. Each topic is then broken down into a series of segments that detail specific ideas, theories, or components integral to the understanding of the main topic as well as historical material, current studies and theories, and projections of potential future events and scientific advances. The 90- minute "Beyond the Big Bang" feature relates "the story of everything"--from the universe's formation following the "Big Bang" to its eventual projected demise from unchecked expansion dubbed the "Big Rip." ASIN: B000UP881S The Sun and the North Pole (05:36), Discovery Streaming Plastic (05:39), Discovery Streaming Nanotechnology (03:54), Discovery Streaming Wind Power (03:01), Discovery Streaming Putting the Electromagnetic Spectrum to Use (03:29), Discovery Streaming Energy Flow (02:26), Discovery Streaming Electromagnetic Waves (03:07), Discovery Streaming Nuclear Energy (01:10), Discovery Streaming Refraction (02:49), Discovery Streaming

6 The Speed of Light (02:38), Discovery Streaming Field Trips Arlington Public Schools Planetarium National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC Other Expanding Universe of students (University of Washington Astronomy Department) Distance to center of galaxy (University of Washington Astronomy Department)

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