Aerial Photograhy. Brief history of aerial photography

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1 MAPWORK TOPIC ONE

2 Why do we use maps? Maps are very important tools for geographers because they enable them to record, display and analyse information about people and the environment around them. Maps can be in the form of paper, digital images and also globes.

3 Aerial Photograhy Aerial photographs are of particular use to geographers and cartographers. When taken from a relatively low altitude, they are also used to plan towns and structures, accurately measure roads and rivers, survey the resources of an area, and show how the physical and cultural features of a place have changed over time. Brief history of aerial photography Since the late 1850 s, people have been trying to see the world as the birds do. The first two attempts at aerial photography were actually by balloon! The first was in 1858 when someone flew over Paris. Sadly, the pictures they took are no longer around. But, in 1860, two men flew over and photographed Boston. This photograph was called Boston as the Eagle and the Wild Goose see it!

4 Next, in 1882, a man named E.D. Archibald used a kite instead of a balloon to take pictures. This proved useful for meteorologists, and others followed his example. Still, even newer methods rapidly gained popularity. In 1909, a group of people mounted a video camera to an airplane! They did it to make a short movie. And think about it, how many movies nowadays still do this? Aerial view of Wall Street in NYC

5 Aerial photography after WW1 Aerial photography really took off after World War 1. During the war, people would use planes to scout enemy territory. Afterward, air force veterans used these same skills for more peaceful purposes. They d use planes to take and sell pictures, as people still do today. Although, they re now also rivalled by satellite photographers! Aerial photography nowadays The most important use of aerial photography is, simply, to keep track of things. We call this surveillance. Aircrafts survey all sorts of things which may need repair or protection. The environment is one such thing. Although we also survey power lines, buildings, and other manmade structures.

6 Now it s your turn. Try to guess these landmarks and discuss your findings.

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9 Longitude & Latitude The lines extending around the Earth horizontally are called lines of latitude. They measure how far north or south an object is on the Earth. The lines running vertically around the Earth are called longitude. These lines are also called meridians, and measure how far east or west an object is.

10 As with latitude, longitude is measured as an angular distance. With latitude, the angular distance is measured from the equator. This is a natural place to begin. However, with longitude there is no natural beginning point. One of these lines must be designated as a prime meridian, or as the 0 mark, but which one? Where is the official worldwide Prime Meridian?

11 The further away from the Prime Meridian that one travels the higher their longitude becomes, until they reach 180 longitude. If an individual is in the Eastern Hemisphere, their longitude is measured in degrees east. If they are in the Western Hemisphere, their longitude is measured in degrees west.

12 The International Date Line If you stay in one place, a day lasts 24 hours. However, if you travel the opposite direction Earth s rotation, your day will be slightly longer than 24 hours, because you are traveling ahead of the setting sun. If you travel with the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly shorter than 24 hours because you are traveling into the sunset.

13 At any one moment there are actually two days on the Earth at the same time. A new day begins at midnight on the International Dateline. It travels around the Earth until 48 hours later it ends back at the International dateline. If you were to travel across the International Dateline, the date would change either forward or backward. This line actually lies in the middle of a time zone. This means that the hour on the clock would not change as you crossed over, just the date.

14 Timezones A time zone is an area on Earth that has a specific time that all citizens can set their clocks to. Different places on Earth have different time zones. They exist because the Earth is round and they allow everyone to have sunrise and sunset. You can figure out if another time zone is earlier or later than yours just be seeing if it is west or east of you on a map.

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16 Knowing the time zones is very important for communication. To be able to identify and calculate time zones, you must know terms like Lines of Longitude, Prime Meridian and the International Date Line. What time it is at different places on earth depends on lines of longitude. These are the imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole. If you slice the Earth evenly across, it would look like a circle. A full circle is 360 degrees around. These degrees is how we can divide the Earth into time zones.

17 Time Zones explained... The line of longitude labelled 0 deg is the prime meridian. Lines to the right of the prime meridian are labelled east; for example, the line labelled 90 degs E. Lines to the left of the prime meridian are labelled west; for example, the line labelled 90 degs W. If you travel all the way around the earth in one direction, you would have travelled 360 degs. How does this relate to time? When the earth rotates, we experience day (sunrise) and night (sunset). But what's really happening is that our position on the earth is facing towards and then away from the sun. A full circle rotation of the earth on its axis towards and then away from the sun equals one day, or 24 hours. So if 24 hours = 360 degs, how many degs is 1 hour? This means that, as the earth rotates, it takes one hour for it to move degs on its axis.

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19 Practice problem Your friend who lives in Greenwich, England, plans to call at 8:15 pm your time to wish you happy birthday on Saturday. Imagine that you live in New York City. What time and day will it be in Greenwich when your friend telephones? Solving the problem

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