A theory is An explanation that fits the facts.

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1 A theory is An explanation that fits the facts. Needs to explain, or at least be consistent with all the characteristics and facts observed. Needs to also be consistent with what we know about the rest of the universe. As soon as one thing is out of place or doesn t make sense, the theory needs to be modified so that it completely works again. If a theory can no longer be modified to fit new observations, then the theory becomes invalid.

2 According to the United States National Academy of Sciences: Some scientific explanations are so well established that no new evidence is likely to alter them. The explanation becomes a scientific theory. In science, the word theory refers to a comprehensive explanation of an important feature of nature supported by facts gathered over time. Theories also allow scientists to make predictions about as yet unobserved phenomena.

3 Astronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmology i.e. Three main theories of the nature of the universe 2nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of Aristotle) Model: Earth-centered Universe Different laws of physics for Earth and the cosmos 16th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus (Physics of Newton) Model: Sun-centered Universe Universal physics; same laws everywhere 20th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein) Model: Big Bang Theory of the formation of the Universe Same laws of physics. Universe is constantly changing, evolving

4 How to use your model of the Universe: Model Prediction Success! Observation Failure! Refine

5 How to use your model of the Universe: Model Prediction Success! Observation Failure! Crisis!

6 Earth-centered Cosmology: Claudius Ptolemy, AD Earth is at the center and everything else orbits in a circular path. The concept of size of the universe and the planets was extremely small. Every star in the night sky orbited just beyond the orbit of Mars.

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8 Testing the Earth-centered model Prediction: should be able to predict position of the planets in the future Observation: retrograde motion of planets, and the inaccuracy of the predicted positions Explanation: epicycles Succeeded For 1500 years until the physics of Sir Isaac Newton. Are epicycles possible using the current laws of physics?

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14 Testing the Earth-centered model Prediction: Phases of Venus should be as predictable as the phases of the Moon. Observation: Full set of phases (crescent, gibbous, quarter, and full) If the Earth-Centered model were correct, we would see crescents all the time.

15 Your task Draw / sketch a model of the universe (solar system) that would adhere to the geocentric model, but still explain how venus goes through a complete set of phases.

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18 Sun-centered Cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus A scientific model must be refined to account for the observations. The sun is at the center and all the planets orbit in circular paths. Note that the stars are in an orbit just beyond Saturn.

19 Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: Future planetary positions Observation: Accuracy was no better than Ptolemy Explanation: The orbital shape must not be perfect circles. (They must be elliptical orbits (Johannes Kepler )

20 Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: There should be a shift in position of stars (parallax) as the earth Moves around the Sun. Observation: No observed shift (it was too small to be measured at the time) We now are able to observe a shift with the most sophisticated telescopes.

21 Testing the Sun-centered model Until the early 20 th century, astronomers believed that our galaxy was the entire universe. They observed other galaxies out in space and called them Island Universes. REMEMBER: they still believed our sun was at the center. Prediction: Sun at center of Cosmos Observation: Sun is not at center of universe (1918) Observation: The galaxy is not the entire universe (1923) Note: more sophisticated technology allowed these observations to be made.

22 Big Bang Cosmology: Albert Einstein ( ) A human being is part of a whole, called by us universe, a part limited in time and space.

23 Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: The universe is expanding Observation: Galaxies are moving apart from each other (1929)

24 The Big Bang Theory says -EVERYTHING began as an infinitely small, infinitely dense, infinitely hot point not governed by our physical laws or time - all matter and energy, space and time, contained in one point SINGULARITY

25 After the Atom instantaneous - filling of?? with all matter, energy, space, and time

26 How Do we Know?

27 Remember: the Big Bang theory cannot and does not provide any explanation for such an initial condition (singularity); rather, it describes and explains the general evolution of the universe after that instant.

28 ?? What information or observational data would convince you that the Big Bang Theory is, in fact, the explaination for the formation and evolution of the universe? Create a list..

29 Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory was first proposed in the late 1920 s. It states that there was an infinitely small, infinitely dense point that contained everything that is the universe. This singularity was incredibly dense and hot.

30 Big Bang Theory The Big Bang is believed to have occurred between 10 and 15 billion years ago. (Most scientists agree that the universe is 13.7 billion years old.) Two elements, hydrogen and helium were created in the primordial fireball, along with small amounts of lithium and beryllium.

31 Late 1920 s Georges Henri Lemaitre Belgian Astronomer and Jesuit Priest Known as the Father of the Big Bang First suggested that the universe formed from a singularity but had no evidence.

32 Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the term Big Bang during a 1949 radio broadcast.

33 Edwin Hubble 1929 Studied light given off by galaxies. Noticed that light from most galaxies was shifted to the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. Proposed Hubble s Law after studying these galaxies.

34 Edwin Hubble Universe is continuously expanding. It is actually gaining speed as it expands. Galaxy s velocity is proportional to its distance (galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast) Hubble's law

35 Hubble s Law All Galaxies exhibit redshifts of spectral lines. More Distant Galaxies Recede Faster

36 White light separated into its individual wavelengths

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38 Emission Lines Spectral Lines and how they correspond to Absorption lines

39 Every element has a unique spectrum (fingerprint)

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44 Evidence for an expanding universe The spectrum of hydrogen gas is the unique fingerprint of that element Hydrogen lamp

45 Evidence for an expanding universe When we see a repeat of the pattern we saw in the lab, we know hydrogen is present Orion Nebula

46 Evidence for an expanding universe We see the same repeating pattern of lines in a galaxy, but displaced to the red Galaxy UGC 12915

47 Evidence for an expanding universe The further the galaxy, the more the shift to the red Galaxy UGC 12508

48 Evidence for an expanding universe The greater the red shift, the faster the galaxy is receding Galaxy KUG 1750

49 Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is caused by the expansion of space. Galaxy KUG 1217

50 Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is evidence for an expanding universe Galaxy IRAS F09159

51 The universe is expanding

52 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Long-wavelength radiation that fills all space. Can be detected using special antenna. (1% of this can be detected in the static on your TV set.) George Gamow (1940 s) predicted there should be echoes of the Big Bang explosion.

53 Penzias and Wilson (1965) were radio astronomers who worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories. Found a mysterious microwave signal causing background noise in their radio telescope. The signal came from everywhere. Bell Laboratories Arno Penzias Robert Wilson

54 COBE Cosmic Background Explorer (1989) Probe that looked 15 billion light years into space to detect tiny temperature changes. These temperature changes were evidence of the heat left over from the Big Bang.

55 WMAP In June 2001, Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) captured the glow of the Big Bang by detecting temperature changes just like COBE. WMAP was much more precise.

56 Historical Observations of the CMB and Anisotropy

57 Steady State Theory Opposes the Big Bang Theory Steady State Theory states that the universe has always been essentially the same as it is today and that it will continue that way forever. Cosmic Background Radiation in the universe ruled out the Steady State Theory.

58 Evidence of the Big Bang 1. The expansion of the universe Edwin Hubble's 1929 observation that galaxies were generally receding from us provided the first clue that the Big Bang theory might be right.

59 Evidence of the Big Bang 2. The abundance of the light elements H, He, Li The Big Bang theory predicts that these light elements should have been fused from protons and neutrons in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. Predicted abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen, as a function of the density of baryons in the universe (expressed in terms of the fraction of critical density in baryons, Omega_B and the Hubble constant)

60 Evidence of the Big Bang 3. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation The early universe should have been very hot. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang.

61 Evidence of the Big Bang 4. The formation and apparent evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters. As predicted by the Big Bang Model, the universe should show a gradual evolution and aging of galaxies. We see this time and again as we look deeper and deeper into the universe.

62 Limitations of the Big Bang 1. Fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation The temperature of the CMB is observed to vary slightly across the sky. What produced these fluctuations and how do they relate to stars and galaxies?

63 Limitations of the Big Bang 2. The inflationary universe A very short, but especially rapid burst of growth in the very early universe ( inflation ) provides an elegant, yet untested, explanation of the previous puzzles.

64 What s the Universe Made Of? 4 % Atoms 22% Cold Dark Matter 74% Dark Energy

65 What is Dark Matter? Dark matter: this generally refers to "exotic" matter that interacts only weakly with ordinary matter. While no such matter has ever been directly observed in the laboratory, its existence is inferred through studying gravity throughout the universe.

66 What is Dark Energy? Dark energy: this is a truly bizarre form of matter, or perhaps a property of the vacuum itself, that is characterized by a large, negative pressure (repelling force). This is the only form of matter that can cause the expansion of the universe to accelerate, or speed up.

67 Accelerating Universe Hubble expansion appears to be accelerating Normal matter cannot cause acceleration, only deceleration of expansion Dark energy is required may be cosmological constant may be something else major current problem in astronomy

68 Fates of the Universe Open Universe Closed Universe Flat Universe Accelerating Universe

69 Fates of the Universe Open Universe little gravity that outward expansion goes on forever Closed Universe gravity will eventually halt the expansion and draw everything. Also known as the Big Crunch.

70 Fates of the Universe Flat Universe expansion slows down but never stops Accelerating Universe - expansion of the universe will speed up. (Most accepted theory because of dark energy.) This will result in what we call The Big Rip.

71 Light A light year is defined as the distance that light travels in one earth year. Light travels at 300,000 km/s or 186,000 mi/s

72 Remember Time and Space are Inseparable Light travels at a finite speed (3 x 10 8 m/s) When you look into the night sky, you look into the past The farther out you look, the farther back in time you see The sequence of events in the evolution of the universe are written in space like an eternal movie

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75 Big Bang

76 Big Bang The first protons and neutrons formed at about 1 second ABB (After Big Bang). Helium nuclei formed at about 100 seconds ABB. The observed ratio of Helium/Hydrogen matches the Big Bang prediction. (In other words, the hydrogen to helium ratio we see elsewhere in the universe today matches the proportions of subatomic particles that make up hydrogen and helium) Universe is opaque.

77 Big Bang At one million years ABB, electrons combine with nuclei and atoms form. Universe becomes transparent.

78 THE PILLARS OF THE BIG BANG -Expansion of the Universe Red Shifts, Edwin Hubble, 1920s -Origin of the cosmic background radiation Radiation that was liberated during the nucleosynthesis of the first matter. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered this. DMAP confirmed it in the early 1990s. -Nucleosynthesis of the light elements 99% of normal matter in the universe is composed of about ¼ Helium and ¾ Hydrogen, which matched predictions of the Big Bang Model. -Formation of galaxies and large-scale structure As predicted by the Big Bang Model, the universe should show a gradual evolution and aging of galaxies. We see this time and again as we look deeper and deeper into the universe. -Olbers' Paradox

79 Olber s Paradox Why is the night sky dark? Assume: The Universe is infinite The Universe has always existed The Universe has a flat geometry The Universe is homogeneous

80 Olber s Paradox

81 Which is the solution to Olber s Paradox Stars have a finite size and hide behind each other. Dust blocks light from the stars The Universe has a finite age, thus finite size. There is something else out there that blocks our view (dark energy). Light from the most distant objects hasn t reached us yet.

82 How old is the universe? Speed x time = distance (distance of a particular galaxy) / (that galaxy s velocity) = (time) or 4.6 x 10^26 cm / 1 x 10^9 cm/sec = 4.6 x 10^17 sec ~ 13.7 billion years

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84 These images zoom into the Hubble telescope's HUDF WFC3/IR image around the galaxy UDFj , which scientists say is 13.2 billion years old - the oldest, farthest galaxy yet discovered. This image was released on Jan. 26, 2010.

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86 Stephane s Quintet

87 Virgo cluster

88 Abell 2218

89 Coma cluster

90 Coma cluster in X-rays

91 The red Galaxy is 13 billion light years away. We are seeing it 750 million years ABB.

92 This is a Hubble Space Telescope image of the compact green pea galaxy J0925. The diameter of the galaxy is approximately 6,000 lightyears, and about twenty times smaller than the Milky Way.

93 What does the future hold? The Big Rip? Big Crunch? Nothing?

94 Questions Remain

95 Into the Past Time Required for Light to Travel to the Earth Moon Sun Centrari Betelgeuse Milky Way Andromeda Virgo Cluster Hydra Super Cluster Quasars Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) 1.25 seconds 8.5 minutes 4.5 years 1200 years 100,000 years 2.2 million years 60 million years 3 billion years 13 billion years 13.5 billion years

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