Sound Waves. Sound waves are caused by vibrations and carry energy through a medium

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1 Chapter 16

2 Sound Waves Sound waves are caused by vibrations and carry energy through a medium An example of a compressional wave Waves can spread out in all directions Their speed depends on its medium

3 Sound waves depend on the following: The type of medium Temperature of the medium Frequency & Pitch (Ex: Doppler Effect) Intensity & Loudness (Decibel Scale) Sound Waves

4 Loudness is determined by intensity Loudness: depends on the energy contained in the wave Intensity: the rate at which the wave transmits energy Decibel Levels 120 db (threshold of pain) Sound Waves

5 Sound Waves Pitch is determined by frequency Pitch is how high or low a sound is High pitch: rapid vibration and low pitch is vice versa Infrasound: pitch below range of human hearing Ultrasound: pitch above range of human hearing

6 Sound Waves and Musical Musical instruments rely on standing waves Resonance: when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency Depends on shape, size, mass and type of material Instruments

7 How Our Ears Depict Sound

8

9 Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves produced by the motion of electrically charged particles. These waves are considered electromagnetic radiation because they radiate from the particles. Ex: Light waves, radio waves, microwaves

10 Electromagnetic Radiation The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called radiation. These waves are different because they do not need a medium to transfer energy. These waves travel slower when they pass through any type of matter, but they are still faster than sound or water waves.

11 Electromagnetic Spectrum All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum but their frequencies and wavelengths are different.

12 Electromagnetic Spectrum All electromagnetic waves are classified by their wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum. The radiation comes from particles. These particles are called photons, tiny particle like bundles of radiation.

13 Radio Waves Radio waves have long wavelengths and low frequencies. Modulation is the process of varying radio waves. This is used to change one type of radio wave into another. Ex: Your voice over a phone

14 Cooking with Radio Waves Radio waves with the highest frequency and energy are called microwaves. Microwaves can heat food by causing the particles to move faster, therefore creating more energy and more heat.

15 Infrared Radiation Infrared radiation has a slightly longer wavelength than visible light. These wavelengths cause warmth from the sun.

16 Infrared Radiation Warm objects give off more infrared radiation than cool objects. Infrared radiation can be seen with the help of a thermogram. Infrared radiation can be used to warm or dry objects.

17 Visible Radiation Visible radiation, or light, is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see. Visible light has a wavelength from 400 to 700 nm.

18 Ultraviolet Radiation Ultraviolet radiation has a higher frequency than visible light, so its photons are more energetic and have a greater penetrating power than photons of visible light. Ultraviolet radiation can be used to sterilize instruments but overexposure can kill healthy cells.

19 X Rays X rays have a shorter wavelength and a higher frequency than ultraviolet radiation. X rays work by objects that are more dense than the x ray absorbing the photons. These areas appear to be bright on the x ray film because they hold a lot of energy.

20 Gamma Rays Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength and highest frequency of all electromagnetic waves. Gamma rays are emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms.

21

22 Transparent Materials Allow light to pass through and you can clearly see objects through them.

23 Opaque Materials Absorb or reflect all light, and you cannot see light through them.

24 Translucent Material Allow some light to pass through, but you can not clearly see objects through them.

25 Colors The color you see is the color reflected by an object. All other colors are absorbed.

26 Filters Transmits one or two colors of light but absorbs the remaining colors.

27 Seeing Color We see color using the red, blue and green cones in our eyes. These cones absorb the colors you see.

28 Pigment Colored material that absorbs color. Three primary colors: Yellow Magenta Cyan When these colors combine they form black.

29

30 Reflection Reflection occurs when a wave strikes an object and bounces off. An example would be a mirror.

31 Law of Reflection This law states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Angle of incidence is the angle at which light hits a surface. Angle of reflection is the angle from which the light is reflected from a surface.

32 Law of Reflection Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection

33 Prism A prism is used to break white light into its colors.

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