Name Date Per Teacher. Packet #4 The Sun

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1 Packet #4 The Sun Reading Guide: Chapter 29.1 (read text pages ) STRUCTURE OF THE SUN 1e Students know the Sun is a typical star and is powered by nuclear reactions, primarily the fusion of hydrogen to form helium. 1. What elements make up 99% of the suns mass? 2. The sun s spectrum reveals that the sun contains 3a. What is nuclear fusion? 3b. Fusion released huge amounts of. 3c. are the primary fuel for the sun s energy. 4. What is one of the final products of hydrogen fusion? 5. The sun s energy comes from, and the mass that is lost during fusion becomes. 6. What do each of the variables in the formula E=mc 2 represent? E: m: c: 7. The sun changes more that 600 million 8. Does the sun have layers? 9. Core: % of the Sun s diameter Temperature: What is it made of: 10. Radiative Zone: Surrounds the Temperature: to 11. Convective Zone: Surrounds the Temperature: Energy move through this zone 12. Photosphere: means Temperature: spots are shown in Figure 5. Use the caption in Figure 5: The photosphere is referred to 13. When can we see the corona from earth? 13. Chromosphere: sphere Color: What gas gives this layer its color? Temperature: to Describe the Jets of gas: 14. Corona: What is it? What else is it called? Temperature: What does it prevent? What do the ions form that stream out into space? 1

2 Reading Guide: Chapter 29.2 (read text pages ) SOLAR ACTIVITY 1e Students know the Sun is a typical star and is powered by nuclear reactions, primarily the fusion of hydrogen to form helium. 1a. Does the sun rotate? Because the sun is a ball of gas it not all locations rotate at the same speed. Fill in the rotation rates: 1 b. close to the equator earth days_ 1c. points near the poles earth days_ 2. The movement of gases within the sun s and the movements caused by the sun s produce 3a. What are sunspots? 3b. How much cooler are these spots on the photosphere? 3d. What is the diameter of sunspots: 4a. A sunspot cycle begins when the number of. 4b. How many sunspots are there at the peak of the sunspot cycle? 4c. How long is the sunspot cycle? years 5c. What are solar ejections? 6a. What is a prominence? 6b How long do prominence last? 7a. What are solar flares? 7b. How long do solar flares last? 8. Define Aurora: 9. Where are auroras usually seen? 11a. What is another name for Aurora s? 10. Why are they seen in these locations? 11b. When are they most frequent and why? 11c. Where in the US can you see them, & how often? 2

3 Reading Guide: Chapter 7.1 & 7.2 (Read text pages ) 1. Earth s crust contains useful. The processes that formed many of these Scientists have identified more than. 2. Define ores: 3. Pick 3 minerals from TABLE 1 on page 157 to fill in the chart: Mineral name Uses i) ii) iii) 4. Define nonrenewable resources: 5. Why are fossil fuels non renewable? 6. Fossil fuels are made from the remains of. The types of fossil fuels are,, and. 7. Define nuclear fission: 8. Define nuclear fusion: Reading Guide: Chapter 7.3 (Read text pages ) 1. Define renewable resources: 2. What is geothermal energy? 3. Where does Iceland get 85% of its energy for heating its homes? 4. What is wind? 5. What is wind a result of? 6. Why can t wind energy be used everywhere? 7. How much longer do scientists predict the worldwide coal reserves will last? 8. Why is mining bad for the environment? 9. Define conservation: 10. Define recycling: 3

4 What is Fusion? NUCLEAR FUSION Where does fusion happen?, because an amazing amount of is created by the pushing in. Why does high pressure in the core lead to Fusion? High and allows nuclei to interact! Nuclei can together: What type of energy does the sun s fusion create? and! What elements are used in fusion? (the short version) p p p p n p p n + How does the does fusion make energy? 1) The atom is as the that fused to make it. So, some mass is missing 2) The from the H atoms is! Energy from Fusion= E=mc 2 E=, m=, c= 4

5 Explain below what happens in each step of the nuclear fusion process STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 5

6 Sun Project I. Make a beautiful picture of the sun with all of the parts listed below: 4. Photosphere 7. Spicules 5.Chromosphere 8. Solar Wind 7. Corona 9. Sun Spots 1. Core 2. Radiation Zone 3. Convection Zone II. For the core, radiation & convection zones: Write in temperature How energy is transferred 1 other important fact III. For the photosphere, chromosphere & corona: Write in temperature Definition 1 other important fact USE: Book pgs Notes: packet pg 6 & 8, Solar flare 11. Prominence 12. Granulation GRADING RUBRIC: (so that you know what I ll be looking for ) Picture of the Sun 7 points Section is complete, answers well thought out, pictures drawn, labeled, & colors used. No blanks 5 points Section is mostly complete, most answers complete, pictures mostly drawn & labeled. 3 points Section is only somewhat complete, answers incomplete, pictures drawn, no color, & no labels. 0 points Section incomplete. Lacks sufficient answers, drawings, labels, or color. Core/Inner Zone Atmosphere/ Outer Zone Overall Picture Total /21 6

7 Sun Structure The sun is made up of layers. There are 6 main layers. 3 Inner Layers (inner zones) and 3 Outer Layers (atmosphere) Inner Zones Atmosphere Book: p Layer Name Temperature Energy transfer Fact Inner Zones Layer Name other name Fact 1 Fact 2 Atmosphere There are many features and phenomena that can be observed either on the surface of the sun or in the Earth s atmosphere. Define the following words. Book p Word Definition Sun Spots Granules Prominences Solar Winds Solar Flares Spicules Aurora Narrow jets of rising gas along the chromosphere. They look like hair like structures on the outer edge of the chromosphere. Magnetic field Nuclear Fusion 7

8 SUN DIAGRAM REVIEW Part I. Name each of the numbered features from the sun picture Part II: Match the features shown on the diagram with the statements below. A. Where does hydrogen fusion take place? B. Dark areas of the sun that are cooler than the surrounding areas and are caused by the sun's magnetic field. C. Lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere that gives off light. D. Charged particles (ions) that continually escape from the corona and move through space. E. Huge, arching columns of glowing gas. F. Gases near a sunspot that suddenly brighten, shooting gases outward at high speed. G. The sunlight we see from earth that is used for photosynthesis. H. The "surface" of the sun. I. Energy moves in the form of electromagnetic waves. J. Energy is transferred through the movement of gases. K. Color sphere. Gases glow red. L. Outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere. M. Not normally seen from Earth, except during an eclipse. N. May cause magnetic storms on Earth or sudden disturbances that interfere with radio communications on Earth. O. Created the auroras on Earth. 8

9 The Sun Diameter km 1 million could fit inside the sun The sun rotates on its axis once every. ( at poles at equator) Hydrogen & Helium + traces of other elements The Sun is made of 6 main layers Inner layers ( ) & Outer layers ( ) Structure or the Sun Inner Zones (inner layers): Radiative Zone Atmosphere ( ): Photosphere Corona The Core The core is so & under so much that can take place. Fusion of can also take place because of the. Fusion is what makes the Sun s energy =! The Radiative Zone the core Energy travels in The Convective Zone Energy moves through convection of gas and liquid. Convective cells The & become less dense, they carry the energy to the surface. At the surface the atoms, become & back down. The Photosphere =, This is the of the Sun Energy is given off in the form of that we see on earth. a grainy appearance from the / gases in convection zone. The Chromosphere = sphere of layer glows with reddish light has energetic magnetic activity: Flares, (those loopy things), The Corona Can only be seen during a! of the Sun of degrees but very diffuse (spread out) Extends into space Hot and energetic, gives off lots of! 9

10 Solar Activity Types: & Coronal Mass Ejections C.M.E What Causes Solar Activity? What makes the magnetic Field? 1) 2) The of in the convection zone. Sunspots on the Photosphere Sunspots: Regions where the pokes through the. Sunspots are than surrounding stuff, so they look! Granules: Where the convection zone underneath. Sunspot Facts They occur in an cycle. They are usually in ( ) charge. Hot gasses eject out of them ( & ). Size up to 100,000 km ( ) Location between the equator & poles of the sun.! Solar Flares 1) An near a sun spot. 2) Sends particles into space & causes on earth Auroras Only seen in because the charged particles are pulled in by the earth s! Flares Facts. They can last. Can have during the peak sunspot cycle. thousands of km Coronal Mass Ejections C.M.E. The corona ejects a massive amount of material into space, causing, this is a CME. Like a solar flare,! Prominence a loopy structure that usually! Last weeks to a year Prominence Formation Gases follow the curved lines of the from one to another. 10

11 SUNSPOT ACTIVITY- The photographs below show sunspots as they appeared on three different dates. Like the poles of a magnet, sunspots seem to occur in pairs. It is sometimes difficult to decide weather or not two sunspots are part of a pair. A. Look at the pictures below & answer the questions. A. May 01 B. May 05 C. May How many pairs of sunspots are in each photograph? A. B. C. 2. What kind of evidence did you use in deciding that two sunspots were part of a pair? 3. What causes sunspots? 4. What feature occurs between sunspots? 5. What happens when the pair of sunspots meet (join)? Table of Sunspot Activity in the 1700 s Year Number of observed Sunspots Year Number of observed Sunspots In the table above underline in red all the years that include at least 80 sunspots. 2. Which years did you underline in red? These are the years of sunspot maximum. 3. Which years are NOT underlined? These are years of sunspot minimum. 4. How many years are between 1728 & 1739? 1739 & 1750? 1750 & 1761? 1761 & 1770? 1770 & 1778? 1778 & 1788? 5. Do sunspot maximums always occur every 11 years? If not, is there a general pattern? 6. How many years are between 1732 & 1743? 1743 & 1756? 1756 & 1766? 1766 & 1775? 1775 & 1784? 1784 & 1797? 7. Scientists think the sunspot minimums are also on an 11-year cycle. Do your data support this theory? 8. If the last sunspot maximum was in 1990, when will the next two maximums most likely occur? 11

12 Energy Where does energy come from? The Sun is the source of:,,,,, The sun s energy made the plants/animals grow that became coal, natural gas, oil & gasoline Energy Resources 2 categories: 1. Once used these resources CANNOT be used again (coal, oil, gas) 2. These resources can be used over and over again (wind, water or solar) Non Renewable Resources: COAL What is it? How much left in the world? About 200 years Advantages? Plenty left; Mining is getting more efficient Disadvantages? : CO 2 emissions ( ), SO 2 (acid rain) Heavy & bulky to transport Non Renewable Resources: OIL What is it? Formed underground from decaying animal and plant material How much left in the world? About years! Advantages?, Efficient in producing energy, Disadvantages?, Pollution: air and danger of water pollution through spills Non Renewable Resources: NATURAL GAS What is it? Formed underground from decaying animal and plant material How much left in the world? About 60 years Advantages? Clean, least polluting of all non renewables; Easy to transport Disadvantages? Some air pollution; Danger of explosions Non Renewable Resources: NUCLEAR What is it? How much left in the world? Not known Advantages? Not much waste and few CO 2 emissions released, as well as, few other greenhouse gases Disadvantages? High cost to build and close down power stations;. Problem with getting rid of waste safely Renewable Resources: WIND What is it? It the movement of air from high to low pressure How much left? Advantages? Disadvantages? Winds change all the time, Renewable Resources: SOLAR What is it? How much left? Endless Advantages? No pollution, can be used in remote areas Disadvantages? Can be expensive, needs sunlight, limited production on cloudy days and at night time Renewable Resources: BIO ENERGY What is it? Biomass and Biogas fermented animal or plant waste, vegetation from sustainable sources How much left? Advantages? Disadvantages? Can be expensive to set up 12

13 Renewable Resources: Hydro Electric DAMS What is it? How much left? Endless Advantages? No CO2 emissions, can control flooding and provide a good water supply to an area Disadvantages?. Large areas maybe flooded. Visual and water pollution. Renewable Resources: GEOTHERMAL What is it? How much left? A lot Advantages? Disadvantages? Expensive and more cost effective in volcanically active areas or along plate boundaries. Renewable Resources: WAVES & TIDAL What is it? How much left? Endless Advantages? Disadvantages? Expensive to set up, along coast lines How do we use these sources to make energy for.electric light, Mobile phone, ipods/mp3, TV,Hot Water We generate electricity: 1. Use an energy resource source (coal, wind, solar) to heat water The steam then turns a turbine The generator then produces electricity. 6.. The Sun Video Bill Nye, the science guy 1. How hot is the sun? 2. How many Earths could you fit inside the Sun? 3. How many Earths would fit across the diameter of the sun? 4. What is the temperature of the sun s core? 5. Almost all the energy we use comes from the. 6. List several things that directly or indirectly get their energy from the sun: 7. How hot is a solar flare? 8. Compare the power of the sun to the power of a typical family house. 9. How many Watts of energy hits the Earth from the sun?. 10. How many Watts of energy is the Sun producing? 11. When are we due for another sun spot cycle? 12. What are sun spots?. 13