Physical Science Study Guide Semester

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1 Physical Science Study Guide Semester Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The prefix kilo- means. a. 1,000 c b. 100 d The correct symbol for the SI unit of temperature is. a. ºC c. K b. ºF d. s 3. The SI unit that is used to measure time is the. a. kelvin c. second b. kilogram d. meter 4. The variable plotted on the horizontal or x-axis is called the. a. dependent variable c. variable with the largest range b. independent variable d. variable with the smallest range 5. A box is 25 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 4 cm high. How many cubic centimeters of water can it hold? a. 600 c. 150 b. 25 d The lightbulb is an example of. a. a dependent variable c. pure science b. an exercise d. technology 7. The process of gathering information through the senses is called. a. analysis c. hypothesis b. observation d. inference 8. When designing an experiment, the first step is to. a. analyze the data b. list a procedure c. state a hypothesis d. state the problem 9. A rule or principle that describes what happens in nature is a. a. hypothesis c. scientific law b. problem d. theory 10. An explanation of an event that is based on repeated observations and experiments is a. a. hypothesis c. problem b. scientific law d. theory 11. An idea, event, or object can be represented by a to help people better understand it. a. constant c. law b. hypothesis d. model 12. The application of scientific knowledge to help people is. a. a discovery c. pure science b. a hypothesis d. technology 13. The process of learning more about the natural world is.

2 a. an experiment c. a hypothesis b. a control d. science 14. Models can be used to describe which of the following environments? a. the floor of the ocean c. space b. volcanoes d. all of the above 15. The three branches of science are, Earth, and physical. a. space c. life b. physics d. chemistry 16. When designing an experiment, the first step is to. a. draw conclusions c. recognize a problem b. form a hypothesis d. test a hypothesis 17. When conducting an experiment, the last step is to. a. analyze the data c. form a hypothesis b. draw conclusions d. recognize a problem 18. A camera is an example of. a. an experiment c. technology b. a robot d. a scientific method 19. If you ride your bicycle down a straight road for 500 m then turn around and ride back, your distance is your displacement. a. greater than c. less than b. equal to d. can t determine 20. Motion is a change in. a. time c. velocity b. speed d. position 21. The speed you read on a speedometer is. a. instantaneous speed c. average speed b. constant speed d. velocity m/s north is an example of a(n). a. speed c. position b. velocity d. acceleration 23. The relationship among speed, distance, and time is. a. t = s/d c. s = dt b. d = t/s d. s = d/t 24. A single point on a distance-time graph tells the. a. instantaneous speed c. constant speed b. average speed d. average velocity 25. A merry-go-round horse moves at a constant speed but at a changing. a. velocity c. inertia b. balanced force d. unbalanced force 26. Acceleration is rate of change of. a. position c. velocity b. time d. force 27. If you ride your bike up a hill, then ride down the other side, your acceleration is. a. all positive c. first positive, then negative

3 b. all negative d. first negative, then positive 28. The equation used to find acceleration is a =. a. v f v i /t c. v i v f /t b. v/t d. v i + v f /t 29. A horizontal line on a velocity/time graph shows acceleration. a. positive c. changing b. negative d. zero 30. The upward force on an object falling through the air is. a. air resistance c. momentum b. inertia d. terminal velocity 31. The relationship among mass, force, and acceleration is explained by. a. conservation of momentum b. Newton's first law of motion c. Newton's second law of motion d. Newton's third law of motion 32. A feather will fall through the air more slowly than a brick because of. a. air resistance c. inertia b. gravity d. momentum 33. The acceleration due to gravity is. a. 98 m/s 2 c. 9.8 m/s b. 9.8 m/s 2 d m/s 34. According to Newton's second law of motion,. a. F = m a c. F = p a b. F = m v d. F = p v 35. When an object moves in a circular path, it accelerates toward the center of the circle as a result of. a. centripetal force c. gravitational force b. frictional force d. momentum 36. The path of a projectile is. a. curved c. always vertical b. always horizontal d. straight 37. For any object, the greater the force that's applied to it, the greater its will be. a. acceleration c. inertia b. gravity d. velocity 38. A real car moving at 10 km/h has more momentum than a toy car moving at the same speed because the real car. a. generates less friction b. has greater mass c. has less mass d. has greater forward motion 39. In the equation p = m v, the p represents. a. friction c. momentum b. inertia d. position 40. The statement "to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction" is. a. the law of conservation of momentum

4 b. Newton's first law of motion c. Newton's second law of motion d. Newton's third law of motion 41. The unit of momentum is. a. kg m c. kg m/s 2 b. kg m/s d. m/s A 300-N force acts on a 25-kg object. The acceleration of the object is. a. 7,500 m/s 2 c. 25 m/s 2 b. 300 m/s 2 d. 12 m/s A 3,000-N force acts on a 200-kg object. The acceleration of the object is. a. 50 m/s 2 c. 15 m/s 2 b. 26 m/s 2 d. 150 m/s An object that is in free fall seems to be. a. not moving b. slowed by air resistance c. speeded up by air resistance d. weightless Figure A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. Assume the string breaks at point A. In which direction will the ball be traveling an instant later? a. direction a c. direction c b. direction b d. direction d 46. A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. In which direction will the acceleration on the ball be when the ball passes point A? a. direction a c. direction c b. direction b d. direction d 47. The kinetic energy of an object increases as its increases. a. gravitational energy c. specific heat b. potential energy d. velocity 48. You can calculate kinetic energy by using the equation. a. KE (J) = m (kg) 9.8 m/s 2 h (m) c. KE (J) = 1/2 m (kg) v 2 (m 2 /s 2 ) b. KE (J) = w (m) h (m) d. KE (J) = 9.8 m/s 2 1/2 m (kg) 49. You can calculate gravitational potential energy by using the equation.

5 a. GPE (J) = 1/2m (kg) 1/2h (m) c. GPE (J) = h (m) 9.8 m/s 2 b. GPE (J) = m (kg) 9.8 m/s 2 h (m) d. GPE (J) = 1/2h (m) w (m) 50. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of energy in the universe. a. remains constant c. increases b. changes constantly d. decreases Figure The fixed pulley shown in Figure 5-1 does which one of the following? a. doubles the force required to lift the block b. decrease the force required to lift the block c. makes the block easier to lift by changing the direction of the force needed to lift it d. decreases the force required and changes the direction of the force required 52. A slanted surface used to raise an object is a(n). a. efficiency board c. inclined plane b. effort ramp d. screw 53. A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n). a. compound machine c. screw b. effort machine d. simple machine 54. A bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point is a. a. fulcrum c. ramp b. lever d. screw 55. The rate at which work is done is called. a. efficiency c. force b. effort time d. power 56. The amount by which a machine multiplies an effort force is called the. a. efficiency factor c. mechanical advantage b. fulcrum d. resistance force 57. An inclined plane with one or two sloping sides forms a machine called a. a. pulley c. ramp b. lever d. wedge 58. An inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post is a. a. block and tackle c. ramp b. lever d. screw

6 59. A winding mountain road is an example of a(n). a. block and tackle c. inclined plane b. lever d. wheel and axle 60. When two or more simple machines work together, they are called a(n). a. compound machine b. effort machine c. screw d. simple machine 61. The unit of power is the. a. joule c. m/s b. watt d. second 62. An arrangement of pulleys designed to reduce the effort force is called a. a. block and tackle c. movable pulley b. fixed pulley d. simple pulley 63. Two simple machines that are part of a bicycle are a(n). a. gear and a wheel and axle c. inclined plane and a wedge b. inclined plane and a lever d. screw and an inclined plane 64. The phase of the Moon that immediately precedes the new Moon is the. a. waxing crescent c. waning crescent b. first quarter d. third quarter 65. Dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon's surface that were formed when interior lava filled large basins are called. a. craters c. maria b. volcanoes d. sedimentary rocks 66. A occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth and throws a shadow on Earth. a. solar eclipse c. waning gibbous b. lunar eclipse d. waxing gibbous 67. The Sun's rays strike Earth at their northernmost and southernmost positions during. a. winter and summer solstices b. spring and fall equinoxes c. lunar eclipses d. solar eclipses 68. The yearly orbit of Earth around the Sun is called its. a. rotation c. revolution b. ellipse d. tilt 69. The presence of maria on the Moon indicates that. a. the Moon contains lava beneath its surface b. many meteorites have hit the Moon recently c. few meteorites have hit the Moon d. the Moon has a dense atmosphere 70. Summer occurs on the hemisphere of Earth that is. a. turned away from the Sun c. tilted away from the Sun b. tilted toward the Sun d. turned toward the Sun 71. The Viking landers sent back pictures of the reddish-colored, barren, rocky, windswept surface of.

7 a. Mercury c. Uranus b. Jupiter d. Mars 72. Methane absorbs the red and yellow light on, while the clouds of these planets reflect the green and blue light. a. Venus and Earth c. Saturn and Jupiter b. Uranus and Neptune d. Neptune and Venus 73. Pluto's orbit sometimes causes this planet to be the ninth, and not the eighth, planet from the Sun. a. Uranus c. Neptune b. Saturn d. Jupiter 74. has colorful clouds in bands of white, red, tan, and brown. a. Saturn c. Jupiter b. Uranus d. Neptune 75. Two of the inner planets are. a. Venus and Saturn c. Earth and Pluto b. Mars and Venus d. Mercury and Jupiter 76. Scientists know the least about the planet. a. Neptune c. Uranus b. Pluto d. Saturn 77. Small pieces of rock that enter Earth's atmosphere at speeds of 15 to 70 km/s and burn up are called. a. stars c. meteorites b. meteors d. asteroids 78. This planet has no true atmosphere. a. Mars c. Jupiter b. Saturn d. Mercury 79. Pluto differs from the other outer planets in that. a. it is not surrounded by a dense atmosphere b. it is the only outer planet with a solid, rocky surface c. its moon, Charon, has a diameter equal to half of Pluto's d. all of the above 80. is an outer planet with an unusual orbit. a. Jupiter c. Pluto b. Saturn d. Mercury 81. is the largest planet in the solar system, is the fifth planet from the Sun, and has colorful clouds. One of its 17 moons is the most volcanically active object in the solar system. The planet has a liquid ocean and atmosphere comprised mostly of hydrogen and helium. It may have a rocky core, although its extreme pressure and temperature would make the core different from any rock on Earth. a. Jupiter c. Uranus b. Saturn d. Neptune 82. People once believed that all planets and stars orbited around. a. Mercury c. Earth b. Venus d. Mars 83. Planets formed from left over from the formation of the Sun at the center of the cloud. a. gravel c. solar wind b. gas, ice, and dust d. asteroids

8 Matching Match each term with one of the descriptions below. a. effort force e. simple machine b. compound machine f. resistance force c. power g. efficiency d. mechanical advantage 84. work output of a machine divided by the work input 85. ratio of resistance force to effort force 86. device that does work with only one movement 87. the force you apply to a simple machine 88. device made up of more than one simple machine Match each term with the correct description below. a. sphere f. equinox b. axis g. winter solstice c. rotation h. Moon phases d. revolution i. waxing e. ellipse j. new Moon 89. Earth's yearly orbit around the Sun 90. changing appearances of the Moon from Earth 91. round, three-dimensional object and model of Earth 92. Moon phase in which none of the lighted surface of the Moon can be seen from Earth 93. when the Sun's rays strike Earth directly at the equator 94. turning of Earth on its axis 95. Moon phases in which the amount of lighted surface seen on Earth increases 96. December 21 or imaginary line extending between the poles around which Earth spins 98. shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun Figure 23-1 Match each description with the correct term below. a. first quarter f. lunar eclipse b. full moon g. maria c. new moon h. craters d. third quarter i days e. solar eclipse 99. occurrence caused by Earth's coming between the Sun and the Moon and casting its shadow on the Moon

9 100. Moon phase in which none of the lighted surface of the Moon can be seen from Earth 101. amount of time of the Moon's revolution and rotation 102. depressions on the Moon caused by the impact of meteorites 103. waxing Moon phase in which one half of the Moon's lighted surface can be seen from Earth 104. occurrence caused by the Moon's being between the Sun and Earth and casting its shadow on Earth 105. dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon formed from lava filling large basins 106. phase in which all of the lighted side of the Moon can be seen from Earth 107. waning Moon phase in which one half of the lighted side of the Moon can be seen from Earth Match each planet with the correct description below. a. Mars f. Mercury b. Jupiter g. Venus c. Saturn h. Uranus d. Pluto i. Neptune e. Earth 108. dark-colored storms and eight moons 109. iron oxide and polar ice caps 110. largest planet 111. smallest planet 112. axis of rotation tilted on its side 113. greenhouse effect causes extremely high surface temperatures 114. craters, cliffs, and a weak magnetic field 115. liquid water oceans 116. most complex ring system Match the planets below with the letters labeling the planets in Figure Earth 118. Mercury 119. Neptune 120. Venus Figure 24-1

10 121. Uranus 122. Pluto 123. Mars 124. Saturn 125. Jupiter Match the comet parts below with the letters labeling the parts in Figure Tail 127. Coma 128. Nucleus Figure 24-2 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false When observing and recording the results of an experiment, observations may include both measurements and descriptions Scientific models are often used to help scientists understand a problem Data tables help you to organize your observations and test results A hypothesis is a decision based on the results of the experiment Balanced forces acting on an object cause the object to accelerate The momentum of a 5,000-kg truck that is standing still is greater than the momentum of a 3,000-kg truck that is also at rest When an object falls, it is reacting to the force of gravity Jane is on a merry-go-round that is moving at a constant speed. Her velocity is also constant Momentum is a property of an object and cannot be transferred from that object to another object Objects in Earth's orbit appear to be weightless because they are in free fall Energy doesn't have to involve motion.

11 140. Energy is the ability to cause change Energy is measured in joules As mass decreases, kinetic energy increases Lowering an object decreases its potential energy Carbohydrates and fats provide our bodies with energy in the form of calories When a machine is used to do work, the force applied by the machine is called the effort force Under certain conditions, it is possible to get more work out of a machine than you put into it Some machines don't multiply the force that is applied to them Examples of all three classes of levers are found in the human body In order for work to be done on a object, the object must move A total solar eclipse can be seen only by people in the area of Earth within the Moon's umbra Earth rotates on its axis about once every year Night and day on Earth are caused by Earth's revolution around the Sun The summer solstice occurs in June in the northern hemisphere and in December in the southern hemisphere Daylight hours are shorter for the hemisphere that is tilted toward the Sun during the solstice A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth's shadow falls on the Moon Saturn's density is so low that the entire planet could float in water Venus experiences an intense greenhouse effect Io, the closest large moon to Saturn, is volcanically active The surface of Mars has long channels that may have been caused by flowing water A "shooting star," or meteor, is actually a meteoroid that burns up in Earth's atmosphere The outer planets are small, rocky planets with iron cores. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true Displacement includes both distance and direction. _ 163. The total distance traveled divided by the constant speed is the average speed. _ 164. The relationship s = d/t can be used to calculate speed, distance or time. _ 165. Acceleration occurs when velocity changes. _

12 166. If you roll a ball up a hill, it undergoes positive acceleration. _ 167. When you push on a sled and it begins to go downhill, you cause negative acceleration. _ 168. Energy in the form of motion is potential energy. _ 169. A rock at the edge of a cliff has kinetic energy because of its position. _ 170. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be created or destroyed. _ 171. Energy is measured in joules. _ Yes/No Indicate whether you agree with the statement Might there be ice deposits near the Moon's south pole? 173. Would the combination of ice deposits and an area that is always in sunlight make the Moon's south pole an ideal location for a solar-powered Moon colony.

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