heavily cratered; resembles Earth s moon Mercury Small, rocky surface, virtually no atmosphere, Venus Rocky surface, thick atmosphere, very high

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1 Chapter Project Worksheet 1 Landscapes Check all that exist on the planet or moon. Planets and Major Moons Description of Planet or Moon Dirt or Gravel Rocks Ice Craters Volcanoes/ Geysers Cliffs/ Cracks Bodies of water or other liquid Others (Please explain.) Mercury Small, rocky, virtually no atmosphere, heavily cratered; resembles Earth s moon X X X Venus Rocky, thick atmosphere, very high temperature X X X X X Earth Thick atmosphere, liquid oceans, rocky X X X X X X X Moon Orbits Earth, rocky, heavily cratered, maria, highlands X X? X X Mars Rocky, polar ice caps, thin atmosphere X X X X X X Phobos Larger of the two moons of Mars; covered with craters X X X Deimos Smaller of the two moons of Mars; covered with craters X X Jupiter Largest planet in the solar system; gas giant No solid Io One of Jupiter s Galilean moons; one of the most volcanically active bodies in the solar system, covered by sulfur compounds X X Europa One of Jupiter s Galilean moons, covered by a thin layer of water ice X X? Ganymede Largest moon in the solar system; icy, heavily cratered X X X X

2 Chapter Project Worksheet 1 (continued) Landscapes Check all that exist on the planet or moon. Planets and Major Moons Description of Planet or Moon Dirt or Gravel Rocks Ice Craters Volcanoes/ Geysers Cliffs/ Cracks Bodies of water or other liquid Others (Please explain) Callisto Second-largest of Jupiter s Galilean moons; heavily cratered icy crust covered by blanket of dark, dusty material? X X X X Saturn Gas giant No solid Titan The largest of Saturn s moons; very little known about the because of thick atmosphere?????? Uranus Gas giant No solid Miranda Best-known of Uranus s moons as a result of close flyby by Voyager X X X Neptune Gas giant; believed to have liquid core No solid Triton Largest of Neptune s moons; covered by nitrogen and methane ice X X X Pluto Smaller than Earth s moon.?? Very little known about its Charon Pluto s moon; very little known about its X Very little known about its

3 The Science of Rockets Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills This is one way the graphic organizer can be completed. Accept all logical answers. What You Know 1. Rockets were used to help transport astronauts to the moon. 2. Rockets burn fuel. 3. Rockets must move at high speeds to escape the force of gravity. What You Learned 1. The first rockets were made in China in the 1100s. 2. Burning fuel creates thrust the reaction force that propels a rocket forward. 3. The escape velocity a rocket needs to leave Earth s gravitational pull is about 40,200 kilometers per hour. 1. a 2. In the early 1900s 3. 3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4 4. Von Braun directed the development of many rockets used in the U.S. space program. 5. Gases expelled from the rear of the rocket push it in the opposite direction. 6. reaction 7. c, d 8. a. Solid-fuel rockets b. Liquid-fuel rockets c. Ion rockets 9. Once it uses up its fuel, it separates from the rest of the rocket and falls to Earth. 10. It ignites and continues with the third stage. 11. a. falls to Earth b. Second c. separates d. ignites 12. Sending spacecraft to the moon and to the solar system beyond The Science of Rockets Review and Reinforce 1. Reaction 2. Action 3. rocket 4. forward 5. opposite 6. e 7. c 8. d 9. f 10. a 11. g 12. b The Science of Rockets Enrich 1. The force that moves a rocket forward 2. Newton s third law of motion 3. The inside of the combustion chamber pushes in the opposite direction on the molecules of gas. 4. As gas molecules hit the inside of the combustion chamber and nozzle, the combustion chamber and nozzle push back on the gas. This reaction force is the rocket s thrust. 5. Produce more gas or cause the gas molecles to move faster Design and Build a Water Rocket Technology Lab For answers, see the Teacher s Edition. The Space Program Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills This is one way the graphic organizer can be completed. Accept all logical answers. Q. What was the space race? A. The space race was the rivalry in the exploration of space between the United States and the Soviet Union. Q. Which country placed a person in space first? A. The Soviet Union, now Russia, launched the first human into space. Q. When did people first walk on the moon? A. People first walked on the moon in c 2. A satellite is any natural or artificial object that revolves around an object in space. 3. By speeding up its own space program and establishing a government agency in charge of its space program, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 4. Explorer 1 5. False 6. a. Sputnik 1 b c. U.S. d. Soviet Union e f. Alan Shepard g. Possible answer: A race is a competition. The better one performs, the harder the other tries. When the Soviets put a satellite into orbit, this motivated the U.S. to do better. The Soviets and Americans competed in sending astronauts into orbit and spacecraft to explore the moon. 7. The Apollo program was the U.S. effort to land astronauts on the moon. It was started by President John F. Kennedy. 8. d 9. Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong 10. Neil Armstrong said, That s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. 11. b, d

4 12. Lunar samples collected by the Apollo astronauts 13. They are like rocks on Earth because they contain the same minerals as rocks on Earth. They are different because some are made up of rock types different from those found on Earth. 14. They learned that the moon probably has a small core of molten rock at its center. 15. True 16. Possible answers: New technology could make the moon s natural resources available for use on Earth. The moon could be used as a base to launch an eventual mission to Mars. The Space Program Review and Reinforce 1. Soviets launched the satellite Sputnik National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3. John Glenn; Friendship 7 4. The spacecraft did not sink into the of the moon, proving that the moon is solid ; Explorer 1 launched; 1962; Neil Armstrong walks on the moon 6. That the moon is made up of a variety of rocks, that the minerals that make up moon rocks are the same as those on Earth, the age of moon rocks, and how and when the moon was formed 7. An object that revolves around another object in space The Space Program Enrich 1. A deposit of dust and rubble on the Moon s 2. Meteorites strike the moon and throw debris up and away from the crater. The debris falls back to the to form lunar regolith. 3. Some energy from the impact is changed to heat, which melts some rock. 4. The moon s gravity pulls almost all of the material back to the. 5. The region covered by a thick layer of regolith; it probably has been exposed to more impacts over a longer period of time. Today Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Today I. Working in space A. Space shuttles B. Space stations II. Space probes A. How do probes work? B. Exploring with space probes 1. They can go back and forth, or shuttle, between Earth and space. 2. a. Take satellites into orbit b. Repair damaged satellites c. Carry astronauts and equipment to and from space stations 3. space station 4. a, c 5. c 6. d 7. a 8. b 9. a. Yes b. No c. Place where people can carry out long-term observations and experiments in space d. Collect data and perform experiments e. Liquid fuel and solid fuel f. Solar power with battery backup g. Space probes are not designed to carry or support humans, so they can go to places where humans cannot live. h. The space station operates by solar power, which is renewable. This is important because the space station must support humans for long periods of time. Today Review and Reinforce 1. space shuttle 2. space probe 3. space station 4. rover 5. A space shuttle is a spacecraft that can carry a crew into space, return to Earth, and then be reused. A space station is a large satellite on which people can live and work in space for long periods. 6. Space probes allow scientists to gather information from places that are not safe or are too far away for piloted spacecraft. 7. space probe 8. space station 9. rovers 10. space shuttle Today Enrich 1. Yes. Earth s gravity pulls almost as strongly as it does on Earth s. 2. It would fall directly to Earth s. 3. It would escape Earth s gravity and fly off into space. 4. In both cases, people are falling and may feel weightless or nearly weightless.

5 5. The astronauts and the space station are both falling around Earth at the same rate. Using Space Science on Earth Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills This is one way the graphic organizer can be completed. Accept all logical answers. a. Medical science technology of the space program has led to lasers that clean clogged arteries. b. Materials fire-resistant material developed for spacesuits is used in fireproof clothing. c. Consumer products cordless power tools were first developed for astronauts. 1. a. Near vacuum b. Temperature extremes c. Microgravity 2. vacuum 3. True 4. The astronaut is falling through space with the spacecraft. Because of inertia, the astronaut is falling around Earth, not toward it. b. Microgravity 5. space spinoff 6. a. Devices that use lasers to clean clogged arteries b. Pacemakers that use longer-life batteries c. Computer-aided imaging techniques 7. d 8. b 9. a 10. e 11. c 12. a. Relaying television signals b. Relaying telephone signals c. Relaying computer data 13. The satellite revolves around Earth at the same rate that Earth rotates. 14. a, c Using Space Science on Earth Review and Reinforce 1. Near vacuum of space, Temperature extremes, Microgravity 2. Possible answers: airtight and well-insulated spacecraft, systems and devices that function in microgravity, food and drink containers designed so that their contents don t float away 3. Medical: Possible answers: devices that use lasers, pacemakers, micro-miniaturization, and computer-aided imaging techniques; Material: Possible answers: flexible metal eyeglass frames, lightweight composite materials for tennis rackets and golf clubs, shock absorbers for tennis shoes, insulating materials, and clear ceramic materials used for invisible dental braces; Consumer: Possible answers: joystick controller, cordless power tools, bar codes, scratch-resistant lenses, freeze-dried foods, shock-absorbing helmets, and smoke detectors 4. Possible answer: relaying of television and telephone signals and computer data around the world 5. Possible answer: tracking weather, mapping Earth s, observing changes in Earth s environment 6. A satellite travels at the same speed that Earth rotates and thus stays over the same place on Earth all the time. 7. Acquiring information about Earth s without being in direct contact with it 8. Place that is empty of all matter 9. The experience of weightlessness as astronaut and spacecraft fall through space together 10. An item that has its uses on Earth but was originally developed for use in space Using Space Science on Earth Enrich 1. The path is a combination of the movement of the satellite and the movement of Earth. 2. Relative to any point on Earth, a satellite in geosynchronous orbit does not move, so it can t trace a path. 3. It would be the same distance to the west of Y that Y is from X. 4. Once every twelve hours 5. The satellite should be in a geosynchronous orbit from which both the United States and Europe would be visible. The satellite would stay in the same relative position in the sky and could transmit from the United States to Europe 24 hours a day. 6. The satellite should be put into polar orbit because it would eventually pass over the entire of Earth. A satellite in geosynchronous orbit sees only one side of Earth. Space Spinoff Consumer Lab For answers, see the Teacher s Edition. Key Terms A. 8 Thrust B. 4 Satellite C. 3 Vacuum D. 1 Velocity E. 9 Space station F. 5 Remote sensing G. 6 Space spinoff H. 2 Space probe I. 7 Orbital velocity Numbers of each row and column add up to 15.

6 have speed in a direction called Velocity can be done using Rockets work by Producing thrust can be can be Orbital velocity were invented in China Escape velocity The space race has a history that includes The Apollo program Exploring Space is the mission of a Space program includes present programs such as Space shuttles The International Space Station Communication Weather forecasting includes using satellites for Medical spinoffs can lead to Application of space science Research Materials spinoffs benefits society through Consumer spinoffs Connecting Concepts This concept map is only one way to represent the main ideas and relationships in this chapter. Accept other logical answers from students.

7 Lab Investigation Making and Testing a Rocket Pre-Lab Discussion 1. For every force or action, there is an equal and opposite force or reaction. 2. When the rocket pushes down on the burning rocket fuel, the fuel pushes back, forcing the rocket upward. Observations Launch 1: Rocket popped about 5 meters or more into the air. Launch 2: Launch was less energetic; canister lifted only about 30 to 60 cm. Launch 3: Launch was more powerful than first launch; canister lifted higher. Launch 4: Launch time was much faster, but rocket went up about as high as in first launch. Analyze and Conclude 1. The rocket did not lift very far off the ground because its mass had nearly doubled. There was not enough thrust, or force, to lift the much heavier rocket very high. 2. It made the rocket go higher. Adding more fuel increased the mass being pushed out of the canister, which increased the thrust, or force. 3. It did not take as long for the rocket to pop. Warm water increased the rate at which the antacid tablet dissolved. 4. The rocket did not fly as high or as straight. Because it was not as streamlined, it was more affected by air resistance. Critical Thinking and Applications 1. The water did not take part in the reaction, but it dissolved the tablet. The tablet contained the components that reacted to form carbon dioxide gas once the tablet dissolved. 2. The tablet dissolved faster in warmer water, which allowed the ions to associate with each other sooner. 3. It would speed the reaction because it would make the tablet dissolve faster. Performance Assessment Answers will vary. Possible answer: Landing site 1 is on Amazon Planitia. I chose this site because it is relatively level and would be a safer landing area. A nearby feature I would explore is Olympus Mons because it is the biggest volcano in the solar system. Chapter Test 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. d 11. space spinoffs 12. velocity 13. Neil Armstrong 14. rovers 15. vacuum 16. John Glenn 17. True 18. True 19. Escape 20. an action 21. a. inertia b. gravity 22. The dotted line should go from the space craft straight upward. 23. Possible answer: The Apollo astronauts explored large areas of the moon with lunar rovers. They crashed equipment onto the moon s to measure the moonquakes that resulted. This helped determine that the moon probably has a small area of molten rock at its center. The astronauts collected rock and soil samples to take back to Earth. Scientists who studied the samples learned that the moon is made up of a variety of rock types. Scientists also estimated the ages of the rocks and how and when the moon formed. 24. Both solid-fuel and liquid-fuel rockets contain a source of oxygen that allows the fuel to burn. Solid fuel is a dry explosive chemical. Liquid fuel is in liquid form. Ion rockets expel gas at very high speeds to create thrust. They do not burn chemical fuel. 25. All space probes contain a power system, a communication system, and scientific instruments. However, space probes carry different scientific instruments, depending on the specific probe s mission. 26. In Figure B, it is 6:00 P.M. Eastern Standard Time. A geosynchronous satellite travels at the same speed that Earth rotates and stays over the same place on Earth all the time. The satellite has moved halfway around Earth, which means

8 that Earth is halfway through its 24-hour cycle of rotation, or 12 hours later than in Figure A. 27. The satellite will be at position A. 28. In the 1950s, the Soviet Union and the United States were military and political rivals. In 1957, the Soviets launched the satellite Sputnik 1 into orbit. This began a competition between the two countries. The United States responded by accelerating its own space program and establishing NASA. 29. Possible answer: Athletic shoes have a shock-absorbing material that was originally developed for astronauts moon boots. Tennis rackets and golf clubs are made of lightweight materials used in spacecraft to make them lighter. Joysticks were originally used in airplanes. They were later used by astronauts to steer lunar rovers and are now used by people on Earth to play video games. 30. Space shuttles transport people and objects into orbit. Shuttles have a crew cabin in which astronauts can breathe without an oxygen tank and wear regular clothes. Shuttles also have a payload bay that holds supplies, such as satellites or laboratories, to be transported.