Abundance of Elements. Relative abundance of elements in the Solar System

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1 Abundance of Elements Relative abundance of elements in the Solar System

2 What is the origin of elements in the universe? Three elements formed in the first minutes after the big bang (hydrogen, helium and a small amount of lithium). Astronomers think that almost all other elements formed in stars.

3 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

4 Life of a Star

5 Star Formation Nebula a cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space starts to condense and spin Protostars concentration of matter at the center of the disk

6

7 Star Formation (cont.) At 10,000,000 C nuclear fusion begins A star is born! Main Sequence stage the star is in balance between outward pressure of radiation and the inward pull of gravity.

8 End stages of stars like our sun Red Giants very large and bright star whose hot core has used most of its hydrogen Planetary nebula cloud of gas around a dying star White dwarf remaining matter collapses inward making a hot, dense core.

9

10 Nova a star that suddenly becomes brighter (large explosion). This only happens with small percentage of white dwarfs. (Companion Star)

11 NOVA

12 End stages of Massive Stars Red supergiants similar to red giants only much bigger (Betelgeuse in Orion is an example) Fusion continues and heavy elements are produced until core is almost entirely iron.

13 Red Super Giant Stars Stars larger than 8 times the mass of the Sun begin their lives fusing hydrogen into helium like smaller stars. When the core runs out of hydrogen the star then becomes a red super giant. Red super giants have enough mass to create higher core temperatures than smaller stars. Hubble Space Telescope image of Betelgeuse, a red supergiant Credit: Andrea Dupree (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA), Ronald Gilliland (STScI), NASA and ESA

14 Red Super Giant Stars After these stars fuse helium into carbon and oxygen, fusion continues producing successively heavier elements, up to iron. Each successive process requires a higher temperature The structure of a red super giant becomes like an onion, with different elements being fused in layers around the core. Convection brings the elements near the star s surface, where the strong stellar winds disperse them into space. C Ne, Na, Mg, O H He Ne O, Mg O Si, S, P He C, O Si Fe, Co, Ni

15 Red Super Giant Stars Fusion continues in red super giants until iron is formed in the core. Because iron has the most stable nucleus of all the elements, fusion of iron does not release energy. When the core rapidly fills with iron, energy production stops. C Ne, Na, Mg, O H He Ne O, Mg O Si, S, P He C, O Si Fe, Co, Ni

16 Red Super Giant Stars With no energy to counteract gravity the core collapses. Gravity pulls electrons onto protons to form neutrons. At this point the core stiffens and rebounds. As a result, an explosive shock wave travels out from the core heating the surrounding layers. Most of the star s mass is be blown off into space, in what is called a supernova. Astronomers refer to this as a Type II supernova. Credit: NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University)

17 Red Supergiant

18 Supernova huge explosion (transfer of energy from the core to outer layers) When heaviest elements are made Kepler s supernova

19

20 Crab Nebula (Supernova seen in 1054)

21 Neutron star collapsed under gravity to the point that the electrons and protons have smashed together to form neutrons. They are incredibly dense and emit a lot of energy

22 End stages of Massive Stars (cont.) Pulsars a rapidly spinning neutron star that emits pulses of radio and optical energy

23 Black Hole at center of Milky Way Black Hole An object so massive and dense that even light cannot escape its gravity. It is located by release of X rays from a companion star.

24 Life of a Star

25 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

26 Main sequence stars the location on the H-R diagram where most stars lie; when the forces of radiation and gravity keep the stars in equilibrium. It has a diagonal pattern from the lower right to the upper left.

27 Sketch out a Hertzsprung- Russell Diagram. Write a paragraph explaining what the H-R diagram is and what it can tell us about stars.

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