Physics 10 Summer Midterm #1: You Are a Dog. Name:

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1 Physics 10 Summer 2015 Midterm #1: You Are a Dog. Name: All dog pictures in this exam are (c) Allison Brosh, She is an awesome writer, and her dogs are fairly awesome too.

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3 You are a dog. Part I: Short-answer questions. Please answer all the questions in these sections. You may always explain your reasoning, even if the problem does not ask you to. Especially insightful reasoning may result in extra credit, or in partial or full credit even to a problem on which you did not give the right answer. Adventure #1: Car Ride! Your human is taking you for a ride in the car! #1) The car has a mass of 800 kg, and is moving at a constant velocity of 20 m/s. You have a mass of 30 kg. How much total force is required to keep you moving at the same velocity as the car? Please explain your reasoning, briefly but clearly. #2) Suddenly the car makes a sharp left turn, and you find yourself being thrown against the right-hand door. In terms of Newton's Laws, can you explain why this happened?

4 Adventure #2: Leash Tug of War! Your human stops the car near your favorite park and lets you out. You begin pulling on your leash to hurry the human along. Your mass is 30 kg, while her mass is 60 kg. #3) Right now, there are two horizontal forces acting on your human: you are pulling her east, with a force of 120 Newtons, while friction from the ground is acting on her as well. At this moment, she is moving east, but is slowing down. Based on the above description, the friction of the ground acting on your human must be: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) weaker than 120 Newtons, toward the west. weaker than 120 Newtons, toward the east. exactly 120 Newtons, toward the west. exactly 120 Newtons, toward the east. stronger than 120 Newtons, toward the west. stronger than 120 Newtons, toward the east. there is no way to tell from the information given. Briefly explain your reasoning, using one or more of Newton's Laws.

5 #4) If, as mentioned before, you are pulling your human east with a force of 120 Newtons, then what force is she exerting on you? a) b) c) d) e) f) g) weaker than 120 Newtons, toward the west. weaker than 120 Newtons, toward the east. exactly 120 Newtons, toward the west. exactly 120 Newtons, toward the east. stronger than 120 Newtons, toward the west. stronger than 120 Newtons, toward the east. there is no way to tell from the information given. Again, explain your reasoning briefly using one or more of Newton's Laws. Adventure #3: Go Big Circle.

6 In a moment of inattention, your human loosens her grip on the leash, and you break free! You begin running in a giant circle (shown on next page:)

7 (Hint on questions #5-#7: it may help to think about any other form of circular motion as a guideline...such as the motion of a planet orbiting the sun, for example.) #5) At the points marked P and Q above, please draw an arrow showing the direction of your velocity vector. Label the velocity vectors v. #6) At the points marked P and Q above, please draw an arrow showing the direction of your acceleration vector. Label the acceleration vectors a. #7) In which direction must the total Force acting on you point, in order to keep you moving in this circle? (You can draw it on the diagram or describe it in words.)

8 #8) You leave the circle and start sprinting in a straight line...and then step onto a patch of level, perfectly frictionless ice. If we neglect all forms of friction and air resistance, what will happen next? a) b) c) d) e) f) You will resume moving in a circle at constant speed. You will move in a straight line at constant speed. You will move in a straight line, gradually speeding up. You will move in a straight line, gradually slowing down. You will move as close as possible to the center of the universe, then come to rest. It is impossible to predict from the information given. Adventure #4: Tennis Ball! Your human eventually lures you back with a tennis ball.

9 She flings the ball directly upward. It reaches the top of its trajectory, and falls directly back down to you. #9) Is there a point during the flight where the ball's velocity is zero? If so, explain which point. #10) Is there a point during the flight where the ball's acceleration is zero? If so, explain which point. #11) At the highest point in its trajectory, what form of energy does the ball have, which it did not have before she threw it?

10 #12) We sometimes claim that almost all of the energy used on Earth comes, in one way or another, from the Sun. Did the energy you mentioned in Question #12 come from the Sun? Please give a convincing explanation of your answer. #13) Why is the Sun such an important energy source for life on Earth? a) On Earth, energy cannot be created or destroyed; only the Sun can create energy. b) The Sun can create energy, but on Earth, energy is constantly being destroyed. c) The Sun changes kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy. d) The Sun changes nuclear energy into thermal and light energy. e) The Sun carries excess thermal energy away from the Earth. f) All of the above. #14) You are feeling too lazy to go and retrieve the tennis ball. Your human once mentioned that every object exerts a gravitational force on every other object, so you decide to just sit there, and let your own gravitational field pull the ball over to you. Is this plan likely to work? Explain clearly why or why not.

11 Adventure #5: The Moon! You get back home, to find that the moon has risen. Tonight, the moon appears exactly half-full. #15) Which of the following is a possibility tonight: a lunar eclipse, a solar eclipse, both, or neither? Briefly explain your reasoning. (A diagram is optional, but may help!) While taking some time to howl at the moon, you begin to think about the solar system as a whole. #16) Draw a diagram of the solar system as a whole. It does not have to be particularly accurate, but show how the Sun, the Earth, and at least a few other planets relate to one another. (Are the stars shown in your diagram? Why or why not?)

12 #17) Now draw the solar system as it would have been understood by most philosophers and astronomers BEFORE Copernicus's time. (For example, how would Ptolemy have drawn the solar system?) Again, you do not need great detail, but try to show some important differences between this older model, and the more modern one you drew in Question #15.

13 Section II: Long Answer Problems Adventure #6: The Cat is a Jerk. The Cat from next door has wandered over to bother you again. The Cat is a jerk. He thinks he is smarter than you, but he doesn't understand physics at all. Choose any two of the following six topics, and explain them to the Cat. This should take at least a couple of solid paragraphs for each, so please write your answers on the blank pages at the end of the exam. If you need more space, you can grab more blank pages from the front of the room, and staple them to the exam. You may answer more than two questions if you like, but please decide which two are your main answers, and clearly mark the others Extra Credit. Extra credit problems will be less important than regular problems in deciding your final course grade. Problem #1: The Cat still believes in Aristotelean physics. Explain one or more of the fundamental changes that Galileo and Newton made to our understanding of physics. Also describe at least one experiment you could do to prove that the Galilean/Newtonian models are a better description of nature than the Aristotelean model.

14 Problem #2: Choose any one of the following scientists: Nikolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Emilie du Chatelier, or Henry Cavendish. Explain one or more of their most significant discoveries. (Hint to help you get started: You might want to address one or more (not necessarily all!) of the following questions: What existed misconceptions did they have to unlearn, or convince others to abandon? What experimental data drove their discovery, and how did they interpret it to discover something new and important? How this discovery changed our understanding of physics? What major questions related to their work still remained unanswered?) Problem #3: After howling at the moon for a while, you start wondering how big it is. (If you caught the moon, could you eat the whole thing in one meal, or would you have to dig up your human's garden and bury part of the moon for later?) Describe an experiment or set of experiments you could do to deduce the size of the Moon. (Or optionally, if you're feeling ambitious, how would you deduce the size of the Sun?) Problem #4: If your human dropped that tennis ball from a high enough building, it would eventually be falling at constant or nearly constant speed ( terminal speed ). Using one or more of Newton's Laws, explain why a falling object eventually reaches terminal speed. What properties of the air and the object determines how fast this speed is? If you dropped the tennis ball on the Moon rather than the Earth on the moon, would you give a different answer to this question? Problem #5: Frustrated with trying to explain things to the Cat, you decide to dig a hole to the other side of the Earth. Of course, this plan assumes that the Earth is a sphere, rather than flat. How was it first discovered that the Earth was a sphere? Describe at least one convincing experiment that you could do to demonstrate the shape and size of the Earth. (Well, maybe not one that you personally could do. You are a dog, and lack opposable thumbs.) Problem #6: Choose any other reasonably complex and interesting topic from the course, and explain that topic to the Cat. If you choose this option, please talk to me first to make sure we agree on your chosen topic. I will probably not reject any topic that you want to write about, but I might suggest changes or additions, to make it comparable in complexity to the other five questions given here.

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