Big Bang Theory How the Universe was Formed

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1 Big Bang Theory How the Universe was Formed

2 Objectives Explain the Big Bang Theory. Give evidence to support the Big Bang Theory. Dispel misconceptions about the Big Bang Theory. Explain problems with the Big Bang Theory.

3 Big Bang Theory Edwin Hubble showed that the universe is expanding when he observed that most galaxies in the universe were moving away from our galaxy, the Milky Way, in all directions. Scientists then inferred that, if the universe is expanding today, then at some point in the past it existed as a very small, dense point.

4 Big Bang Theory Reverse expansion and what do you get? What would happen if the expansion were reversed?

5 Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory proposes that the entire universe, including all matter and energy, was once compressed into a hot, dense mass just a few millimeters across that expanded rapidly and cooled forming our continuously expanding, modern universe. Seem impossible? Remember, if an atomic nucleus were the size of a grape its mass would be 9 million metric tons.

6 Big Bang Theory Singularity About 14 billion years ago, our universe first appeared, for an incomprehensibly small fraction of a second (10-43 seconds), as an infinitely dense, hot point just a few millimeters across that contained all the matter and energy in our current universe. This point was not governed by our physical laws or time. a hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second in age 10 million trillion trillion trillionths of a second

7 Singularity This hot, dense point was known as a singularity. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics.

8 Big Bang Theory Rapid Expansion Almost immediately (10-43 seconds) after appearing, this small dense point exploded or began a rapid expansion and all of the universe s known matter and energy, including space and time themselves, sprang into existence from some ancient and unknown type of energy.

9 Big Bang Theory Rapid Expansion Within a trillion-trillionth of a second, the universe expanded (faster than the speed of light) from its pebble-sized origin to astronomical scope. (Doubled in size at least 90 times) As the universe expanded it began to cool. Remember As energy expands, its wavelength stretches and frequency decreases and energy and heat are lost.

10 Big Bang Theory Primeval Soup Astronomers theorize that, after the initial rapid expansion ( at seconds old), the universe was a hot, foamy soup of electrons, quarks and other elementary particles. Quarks are elementary particles needed for the formation of protons and neutrons.

11 Big Bang Theory Proton & Neutron Formation By the time the universe was 1 second old, the rapid cooling allowed quarks to begin clumping together to form neutrons and protons. Neutrons, protons, and electrons existed by themselves, not yet joined together as atoms. The universe continued to expand and cool, but at a much slower pace.

12 Big Bang Theory Nuclei Formation Approximately three minutes after the Big Bang, the strong nuclear force caused protons to begin combining forming the three smallest nuclei: hydrogen, helium and lithium How many protons do these have?

13 Big Bang Theory Dark Fog Still too hot to form complete atoms, charged electrons and positively charged nuclei prevented light from shining in the universe. Because complete atoms did not exist, electrons could not move between energy levels of atoms and no photons were emitted. The universe was a super-heated dark fog.

14 Big Bang Theory Atom Formation After about 300,000 years, the fog cooled enough for complete atoms to form. Positively charged protons attracted negatively charged electrons and the 3 smallest atoms formed H, He, L. Electrons could now jump from one energy level to another within the atom and give off photons (visible light). Light could finally shine in the universe!

15 Big Bang Theory Galaxies & Stars 1 billion years after the Big Bang, the universe continued to expand and cool. Gravity caused helium and hydrogen gas to coalesce and form giant clouds that would eventually become galaxies. Smaller clumps of gas collapsed to form stars.

16 Big Bang Theory Modern Universe After about 12 billion years, as galaxies clustered together due to gravity, the first stars died and spewed heavy elements (4 Beryllium 92 Uranium) into space. These heavy elements turned into other stars and planets.

17 Big Bang Theory

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20 Big Bang Theory (Universe) Review Big Bang Theory All matter in one small space; extremely hot; BIG BANG The matter begins to abruptly expand and cool. Less than a second, subatomic particles to form = protons, neutrons, and electrons. Within 200 seconds, temperatures were cool enough for simple nuclei to form = Protons 500,000 years later matter is cool enough for nuclei capture electrons = atoms form. Photons set free light energy transmitted ~1 billion years later, universe continues to expand, galaxies & stars begin forming.

21 Big Bang Theory Evidence Galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance indicating that the known universe is still expanding. This observation suggests that the universe was once compacted.

22 Big Bang Theory - Evidence If the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang Theory suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is the oldest radiation in the universe and is thought to be the remnants of the Big Bang.

23 Big Bang Theory - Evidence The abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

24 Big Bang Theory - Misconceptions The Big Bang was not what we think of as an explosion but rather an expansion. Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding: an infinitesimally small balloon expanding to the size of our current universe.

25 Big Bang Theory - Misconceptions We tend to imagine the singularity (the hot, dense point) from which our universe sprang as a little fireball appearing somewhere in space. Space didn t exist prior to the Big Bang. The singularity didn't appear in space; rather, space began inside of the singularity. Prior to the singularity, nothing existed, not space, time, matter, or energy - nothing.

26 Big Bang Theory - Problems The BBT offers no explanation for the origin of the singularity (hot, dense point). The BBT cannot explain where and in what the singularity appeared. The BBT offers no explanation for the cause of the Big Bang itself.

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