Extrasolar planets and their hosts: Why exoplanet science needs X-ray observations
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1 Extrasolar planets and their hosts: Why exoplanet science needs X-ray observations Dr. Katja Poppenhaeger Sagan Fellow Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
2 Exoplanets
3 Exoplanets in 2005 (from the Exoplanet Orbit Database)
4 Exoplanets in 2010 (from the Exoplanet Orbit Database)
5 Exoplanets in 2014 (from the Exoplanet Orbit Database)
6 Exoplanets in 2014, including Kepler candidates (from the Exoplanet Orbit Database)
7 Exoplanets at AAS Winter meetings of the American Astronomical Society: press releases: exoplanets vs. everything else AAS 2011 Seattle: 11% (4/38) AAS 2012 Austin: 12% (4/34) AAS 2013 Long Beach: 29% (13/45) AAS 2014 National Harbor: 31% (9/29)
8 Exoplanets at AAS Winter meetings of the American Astronomical Society: press releases: exoplanets vs. everything else AAS 2011 Seattle: 11% (4/38) AAS 2012 Austin: 12% (4/34) AAS 2013 Long Beach: 29% (13/45) AAS 2014 National Harbor: 31% (9/29) % year
9 Exoplanets at AAS Winter meetings of the American Astronomical Society: press releases: exoplanets vs. everything else AAS 2011 Seattle: 11% (4/38) AAS 2012 Austin: 12% (4/34) AAS 2013 Long Beach: 29% (13/45) AAS 2014 National Harbor: 31% (9/29) % year
10 X-ray emission in exoplanet systems central star (if cool star): magnetic activity, flares planets: aurorae, charge exchange
11 Stellar high-energy emission planetary atmospheres: use star as background candle stellar magnetic activity biases planet detections planetary mass loss: stellar high-energy emission is driver for evaporation interactions of planets with stellar rotation/activity
12 Exoplanets: transits picture credit: NASA
13 Exoplanet atmospheres: transmission spectroscopy
14 Exoplanet atmospheres: transmission spectroscopy picture credit: NASA
15 Exoplanet atmospheres: transmission spectroscopy HD b (hot Jupiter) Deming et al. 2013
16 Exoplanet atmospheres: cloud layers HAT-P-12b (warm Saturn) Line et al. 2013
17 Exoplanet atmospheres: cloud layers GJ 1214b (super-earth) Kreidberg et al. 2014
18 Exoplanet atmospheres: transmission spectroscopy picture credit: NASA
19 Exoplanet atmospheres: outer layers Poppenhaeger et al. 2013
20 Exoplanet atmospheres: outer layers Lecavelier des Etangs et al picture credit: D. Charbonneau / Nature deeper transits moving (evaporating) atmosphere: line profiles
21 X-ray transits (hot Jupiter HD b) 1.10 optical data normalized flux X-ray data X-ray transit model orbital phase 5 X-ray observations co-added, kev Poppenhaeger et al., ApJ 2013
22 Atmospheric evaporation, driven by X-rays and UV Evaporation of gaseous envelope Lopez et al YOHKOH/modified by K.P.
23 Imprints of evaporation in observed exoplanet population Sanz-Forcada et al. 2011
24 Evaporating planets - transit profiles KIC , dusty tail? Rappaport et al picture credit: NASA/JPL/Caltech
25 Small planets can lose lots of mass XMM detections of host stars: water-planet GJ 1214 b (Lalitha et al submitted), rocky planet CoRoT-7 b (Poppenhaeger et al. 2012) mixed systems like KOI-314?
26 Decline of magnetic activity: magnetic braking loss of angular momentum through stellar wind
27 Activity decline with stellar age
28 Star-planet interaction (template: star-star interaction in close binaries) 2 basic scenarios: magnetic discovery papers: Shkolnik et al. 2005, 2008 for 2 individual systems tidal spin-up (inhibited spin-down) of host star; stronger for thick outer convection zones picture credit: Shkolnik et al. 2009
29 Individual planet-host stars: Flare triggering? HD b (hot Jupiter) Pillitteri et al. 2011
30 Stellar samples: planet-induced activity enhancements? high activity? low activity? searching for trends in samples of planet-hosting stars: Kashyap et al. 2010, Poppenhaeger et al. 2010, 2011, Lanza 2011, Shkolnik 2013, Miller et al. 2012, 2013, and others caveat: stellar activity biases against planet detection!
31 Dealing with selection effects
32 Dealing with selection effects
33 Dealing with selection effects
34 Systems with a built-in negative control: Planet-hosting stars with stellar companions CoRoT-2 AB HD AB 55 Cnc AB τ Boo AB υ And AB
35 Stellar age and X-ray luminosity
36 Stellar age and X-ray luminosity log L X CoRoT-2 B HD B log age
37 Stellar age and X-ray luminosity log L X CoRoT-2 A HD A CoRoT-2 B HD B log age
38 X-ray activity for 5 systems stellar X-ray luminosity (log L X ) strong tidal interaction planet-hosting primary primary: expected secondary weak tidal interaction HD Ab B CoRoT-2 Ab B 55 Cnc Abcde B tau Boo Ab B ups And Ab B Poppenhaeger et al. 2014, A&A Letters
39 X-rays: exoplanets & host stars stars: activity biases in exoplanet samples stars: tidal / flare triggering interactions of planets and stars exoplanets: short wavelengths probe outer atmospheres, via transit depths or line profiles exoplanets: X-ray/UV-driven evaporation upcoming opportunities: Athena+, Astro-H, erosita Arcus: X-ray grating!
40 NASA SMEX proposal: X-ray spectrograph Arcus
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