New Jersey NJ ASK. 8 Science
|
|
- Margaret O’Brien’
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 New Jersey NJ ASK 8 Science
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 1 Tips for Taking Science Tests... 1 Unit 1 Scientific Processes... 3 Review 1: Science, Society, and Technology... 4 New Jersey CCCS: A.1 3, B.1 2, A B, A.1, B.1 Review 2: Scientific Investigations New Jersey CCCS: A.1 4, B.1 2, C.1 2 Review 3: Representing and Interpreting Data New Jersey CCCS: A.1, B.1 3, A.1, B.1, C.1, D.1 3 Unit 2 Life Science Review 4: Structure, Function, and Development in Organisms New Jersey CCCS: A.1, B.1, A.1 2, C.1, A.2 Review 5: Reproduction and Heredity New Jersey CCCS: A.1, D.1, B.2, C.1 Review 6: Matter and Energy in Ecosystems New Jersey CCCS: A.1, A.1 2, B.1 2, A.1, B.1 Review 7: Evolution and Diversity New Jersey CCCS: B.1, B.1 3, C.1 Unit 3 Physical Science Review 8: Physical Properties of Matter New Jersey CCCS: A.1, B.1, C.1, A.2 4, A.2 Review 9: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures New Jersey CCCS: A.1 & 3, B.1, A.1 & 3 4, B.1 4 Review 10: Force and Motion New Jersey CCCS: B.1, D.1, A.1 3, A.1 2 Review 11: Energy and Its Transformations New Jersey CCCS: B.1 3, B.1 4, B.1 iii
3 Table of Contents Unit 4 Earth Science and Astronomy Review 12: The Rock Cycle and the Earth s History New Jersey CCCS: A.1, C.1, A.1, C.2, B.1 Review 13: The Water Cycle and Weather New Jersey CCCS: B1 2, B.1 Review 14: Forces That Shape the Earth s Surface New Jersey CCCS: B.1, D.1, C.1, D.1 2 Review 15: The Solar System s Place in the Universe New Jersey CCCS: A.1 2, B.1 2, C.1 2, D.1, A.1 3, B.1, C.1, D.1 Glossary To the Teacher: New Jersey CCCS codes are listed for each review in the table of contents and for each page in the shaded gray bars that run across the tops of the pages in the workbook (see example to the right). These codes indicate which New Jersey Content Core Curriculum Standards are covered in a given review or on a given page. iv
4 Unit 1 Scientific Processes New Jersey CCCS: A.1 3, B.1 2 Review 1 Science, Society, and Technology You can learn a lot about a scientific concept by knowing where its word came from. Take the word cosmos, for example. Today it means universe, but it came from an ancient Greek word meaning order. The ancient meaning of cosmos expressed the Greek s belief that the natural world was orderly and predictable. How about science itself? Today, the word refers to areas like biology or astronomy, but it comes from a Latin word meaning knowledge. The practice of science looking for patterns in the natural world and making predictions from those patterns is as old as human life on this planet. So, modern science owes much to the thinkers of the ancient world. But the connections between ancient and modern science are not simple. Much of what we call science today was made possible only by overturning some old ideas ideas that ancient thinkers considered facts. This review will cover some of the major figures and advancements in the history of science and technology. It will also briefly explore some relationships between science, society, and technology. Natural Philosophers of the Ancient World All human civilizations have observed and predicted events in the natural world. Ancient societies usually felt that supernatural powers caused occurrences such as the Sun rising, the seasons changing, and human illness. But the civilization of ancient Greece (600 to 200 B.C.) produced thinkers who argued that natural forces, not gods or spirits, caused such events. Such thinkers held that these material forces could be found by observation and understood by reason. These thinkers were called natural philosophers, but today we would call them scientists. For centuries, people who studied nature were called natural philosophers. In the midnineteenth century, the word scientist was invented for such people. Suggest why the name changed when it did. Words to Know deductive reasoning description explanation inductive reasoning inference observation risk-benefit analysis science society technology 4
5 New Jersey CCCS: A.1 3, B.1 2 Review 1: Science, Society, and Technology Ancient Greece and Rome produced many famous natural philosophers, but three were especially important to the development of Western science. Aristotle (Greek, B.C.): Aristotle is best known for his ideas on the origin of the universe, the motion of objects, and the classification of plants and animals. For nearly 2,000 years, most natural philosophers considered themselves followers of Aristotle. Ptolemy (Roman, A.D ): Ptolemy is best known for writing the Almagest, a book that summed up the thinking of his day about the structure of the universe. The Almagest described a universe in which Earth was at the center and was circled by the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars. This is called the geocentric (geo- 5 Earth and centric 5 centered) model of the universe. Galen (Greek, practiced in Rome, A.D ): Galen was a doctor who wrote about the human body and its ailments. He dissected pigs and monkeys to study their muscles, bones, and organs. From these studies, he made many conclusions about human anatomy. Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen were like modern scientists in one sense: They all insisted that claims about the natural world should be based on observations. But these natural philosophers did not carry their demand for observation far enough. They often jumped to conclusions too quickly and then made explanations based on those faulty conclusions. They also practiced deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a type of thinking that starts with an assumption and then reaches conclusions based on that assumption. This type of thinking led to many incorrect conclusions about how the natural world worked. These incorrect conclusions held back the progress of Western science for centuries. Aristotle claimed that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones. How would you test this claim? By A.D. 1100, the Catholic Church had adapted the writings of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen to its own needs, making their works the final word on all scientific matters. As a result, natural philosophers of the Middle Ages made few observations of the natural world. Any observations that conflicted with the old teachings were considered to be wrong. But the ancient authorities were wrong, in many ways. Aristotle got a lot wrong. A few of his bigger mistakes: He assumed that change could happen only on the Earth and not in the rest of the universe. He assumed that objects on Earth moved mostly in straight lines, and that everything from the Moon to the stars moved only in circles. He assumed that insects were born from rotten meat and mud, not from other insects. Because Aristotle s assumptions were wrong, his conclusions were also wrong. 5
6 Unit 1 Scientific Processes New Jersey CCCS: A.1 3, B.1 2 Ptolemy s Almagest tried to predict the motions of the planets, but his basic assumption that the Earth was motionless and at the center of the universe was incorrect. Galen based his ideas of human anatomy on dissections of pigs and monkeys. (Human dissection was forbidden in Rome.) This led to many incorrect claims about the structure and function of the human body. Because these and other incorrect ideas were accepted as truth, the natural philosophy of the Middle Ages held many incorrect ideas about the universe, living things, and the human body. Give one example from the past few centuries in which some kind of authority has influenced scientific research or thought, either positively or negatively. The Rise of Modern Science Between 1200 and 1500, European thinkers began finding that the texts of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen could not explain what they were seeing. Despite what Aristotle said, objects of different weights fell at the same rates. The planets and stars did not move as Ptolemy predicted. The human body had a different anatomy than that described by Galen. Some thinkers began arguing that inductive reasoning the process of reaching conclusions based on observation and experiment could give a better picture of how the natural world worked. A few of the more important thinkers: The Italian physician Andreas Vesalius ( ) dissected human bodies, wrote down his findings, and hired artists to make accurate images of the body. The result was On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543), a book that disproved many of Galen s claims. The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe ( ) observed the paths of the planets and stars. His observations led him to reject Aristotle s idea that the heavens were perfect and unchanging. He also came to believe that the planets circled the Sun. The Italian physicist Galileo Galilei ( ) used experiments to disprove Aristotle s claims about falling and moving objects. (Sir Isaac Newton [ ] developed the science of motion even further, as you will see in Review 10.) In 1609, Galileo used a brand-new technology called a telescope to see four moons orbiting Jupiter. This proved that Earth was not the only center of motion in the universe. He wrote about his observations in a book called The Starry Messenger. Because inductive reasoning was so successful at explaining what scientists saw, scientists came to trust their own observations and experiments over the ideas of ancient authorities. Today, inductive reasoning remains the main way that science is practiced and scientific knowledge formed. 6
7 New Jersey CCCS: A.1 3, B.1 2, A B, A.1 Review 1: Science, Society, and Technology Nicholas Copernicus ( ), a Polish priest and astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs in The book argued that the motions of the planets could be better explained by assuming that Earth was a planet that orbited the Sun. State two reasons why most people rejected this claim. Here in the 21st century, it s easy to point out what natural philosophers such as Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen got wrong. Insects born from mud? An unmoving Earth? Ridiculous. But we shouldn t be too smug. The ancient Greek scientists were particularly brilliant. They developed ideas about matter, motion, and physical change that, while incorrect, were ingenious. For example, Eratosthenes (3rd century B.C.) was able to calculate the size of the Earth by using little more than shadows and simple geometry. (It s a pretty simple activity that can easily be repeated.) And the Greeks were the first people to ask the questions that are still central to science, even today: What is the nature of matter? What is the structure of the cosmos? And, How do we define life? Relating Science, Technology, and Society Let s now turn to modern science, technology, and society. It s pretty easy to confuse science with technology. Although science and technology overlap, they are different. Scientists investigate the natural world to detect its underlying patterns and learn the rules by which it works. Technologists (inventors and engineers) use the knowledge gained through scientific investigations to make products that meet the needs and the wants of a society. And what is a society? There are many definitions. Broadly speaking, a society is a group of people who share a set of political, economic, and cultural institutions. For example, the United States of America is a single society because of several shared institutions the federal government, a capitalist economy, a set of public school systems paid for by taxes, and so on. Popular culture (movies, comic books, and so on) often depicts scientists or technologists as having special roles in modern society. Describe one special role that popular culture assumes that scientists or technologists have in modern society. 7
8 Unit 1 Scientific Processes New Jersey CCCS: A B, A.1, B.1 Sometimes, science must make discoveries before technology can be developed for society. For example, the people who did the early research on electricity were scientists. They investigated electricity because they wanted to learn what electricity was and the rules by which it worked. Technologists then used this knowledge about electricity to make useful things: lightbulbs, telegraphs, refrigerators, and so on. Isaac Newton investigated gravity because he was curious about it. Name a technology that has benefited from Newton s work on gravity. Other times, it is technological development that makes new scientific knowledge possible. For example, the invention of the telescope in the early seventeenth century made it possible for Galileo to see four moons orbiting Jupiter. This was one of the first pieces of hard evidence against the theory that all objects in the universe orbit the Earth. The development of a new technology led to new knowledge about the rules by which the natural world works. The microscope was invented around the same time as the telescope. Name one scientific discovery that was not possible until the invention of the microscope. Performing a Risk-Benefit Analysis A risk-benefit analysis examines the risks and benefits that a technology might bring to individual humans, human society, and the natural environment. A risk-benefit analysis also helps scientists and technologists determine whether the possible benefits outweigh the potential risks. In your class, get into groups of three or four. For 10 minutes, pool your knowledge about the benefits and the risks to human health of one of the following technologies: air bags in passenger vehicles such as cars, vans, and trucks radiation therapy to kill cancer cells or treat tumors Come up with as many risks and as many benefits as you can, and list them on the lines on page 9. Afterward, your teacher may ask the class as a whole to discuss the risks and benefits of each technology. Write on the following line the technology your group chose to discuss. 8
9 New Jersey CCCS: B.1 Review 1: Science, Society, and Technology Risks: Benefits: Keys to Keep The history of science shows how scientific knowledge and technology have changed and advanced over time. The needs of society usually drive scientific experimentation and technological development. A risk-benefit analysis evaluates the risks and benefits of a technology to humans, society, and the natural world. 9
10 Unit 1 Scientific Processes New Jersey CCCS: A1 2 Explore It Yourself Modern scientists practice inductive reasoning. This means that they use skills such as observation, description, and inference when studying things or events. Scientists also try to produce explanations of their findings. You ll practice these same skills in this activity. Step 1: Get into groups of two to four students. Your teacher will give each group a box containing three objects. Do not open the box until your teacher says you can do so. Step 2: Each person in the group should spend 2 minutes trying to figure out what is inside the box. Try different methods of gathering information: Tilt the box, shake the box, listen for sounds, feel for shifts of weight, and so on. Step 3: On the following lines, come up with some words indicating the characteristics of each object in the box. Step 4: After all members have had a turn with the box and written down some characteristics, take 5 to 10 minutes as a group to discuss your findings. Each group should come to an agreement about what three objects are in the box. Step 5: On the following lines, state the group s conclusion about what three objects are in the box. Then, say why the group made the conclusion it did about each object. First object: Second object: Third object: Step 6: Open the box and see what objects are inside. 10
11 New Jersey CCCS: A1 2 Review 1: Science, Society, and Technology What Does It Mean? 1. How did your group s conclusions compare with the actual contents of the box? 2. People make observations with their senses. People make inferences based on their observations, limited knowledge, and past experiences. When were you making observations in this activity? When were you making inferences? 3. A description communicates the qualities of an object, a process, and so on. An explanation states why an object has certain qualities, why a process happened the way it did, and so on. When were you making descriptions in this activity? When were you making explanations? 4. Suppose that Louis, an eighth grader, has a bad stomachache. He goes to Dr. Malreaux s office to find out what is wrong. On the following lines, suggest when Dr. Malreaux might use the following skills during his examination of Louis. Observation: Inference: Description: Explanation: 11
12 Unit 1 Scientific Processes NJ ASK Practice 1. Engineers need to determine both the positive and negative effects of a new technology. What process do engineers use to determine both the positive and the negative effects? A. a warranty B. a supply-demand analysis C. a risk-benefit analysis D. a sales and marketing analysis 2. Scientists say that the Sun appears to move in the sky because the Earth is rotating on its axis. This is an example of 3. Which sentence best summarizes why scientific knowledge changes over time? A. Science must explain new observations that challenge existing theories. B. Scientists easily change their minds about natural laws. C. As natural laws change, scientific knowledge must change with them. D. Scientific knowledge is a set of opinions, and opinions change over time. A. a belief. B. an explanation. C. a prediction. D. a description. 4. Engineers perform risk-benefit analyses of technologies. Which of the following is a benefit of wind power? A. It does not emit hydrocarbons. B. It can be developed anywhere. C. It is inexpensive to develop. D. It requires that turbines be built on hills. 12
13 Review 1: NJ ASK Practice 5. Which of the following correctly matches the person with his idea? A. Aristotle heavy and light objects fall at the same rates of speed B. Ptolemy the Sun, planets, and stars revolve around the Earth C. Galileo a light object falls more slowly than a heavy one D. Galen invisible organisms called bacteria cause sickness 6. Which of the following correctly matches the person with his book? A. Copernicus the Almagest B. Galen On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs C. Vesalius On the Fabric of the Human Body D. Ptolemy The Starry Messenger 7. The philosopher Bertrand Russell once said, everything... that Aristotle said on scientific subjects proved an obstacle to progress. Explain why this was so. 13
What is a Revolution? A Revolution is a complete change, or an overthrow of a government, a social system, etc.
CW10 p374 Vocab What is a Revolution? A Revolution is a complete change, or an overthrow of a government, a social system, etc. The Scientific Revolution In the 1500s and 1600s the Scientific Revolution
More informationhttp://radicalart.info/physics/vacuum/index.html The Scientific Revolution In the 1500s and 1600s the Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world. People began to make conclusions
More informationThe Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution What is a Revolution? A Revolution is a complete change, or an overthrow of a government, a social system, etc. The Scientific Revolution In the 1500s and 1600s the Scientific
More informationRevolution and Enlightenment. The scientific revolution
Revolution and Enlightenment The scientific revolution Background in Revolution In the middle ages, educated europeans relied on ancient authorities like Aristotle for scientific knowledge. By the 15th
More informationScientific Revolution
Age of Revolutions Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution Period of time in which a new way of thinking came about. The beliefs held by many for so long were now being questioned. Use logic and reason
More informationAstronomy- The Original Science
Astronomy- The Original Science Imagine that it is 5,000 years ago. Clocks and modern calendars have not been invented. How would you tell time or know what day it is? One way to tell the time is to study
More informationDirections: Read each slide
Directions: Read each slide and decide what information is needed. Some slides may have red or yellow or orange underlined. This information is a clue for you to read more carefully or copy the information
More informationThe Scientific Revolution & The Age of Enlightenment. Unit 8
The Scientific Revolution & The Age of Enlightenment Unit 8 Unit 8 Standards 7.59 Describe the roots of the Scientific Revolution based upon Christian and Muslim influences. 7.60 Gather relevant information
More informationName Class Date. Ptolemy alchemy Scientific Revolution
Name Class Date The Scientific Revolution Vocabulary Builder Section 1 DIRECTIONS Look up the vocabulary terms in the word bank in a dictionary. Write the dictionary definition of the word that is closest
More informationPlanets & The Origin of Science
Planets & The Origin of Science Reading: Chapter 2 Required: Guided Discovery (p.44-47) Required: Astro. Toolbox 2-1 Optional: Astro. Toolbox 2-2, 2-3 Next Homework Due. Sept. 26 Office Hours: Monday,
More informationScientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution IN the 1600 s, a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church.. Old assumptions were replaced with new theories, they launched a change
More informationModels of the Solar System. The Development of Understanding from Ancient Greece to Isaac Newton
Models of the Solar System The Development of Understanding from Ancient Greece to Isaac Newton Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) Third in line of Greek thinkers: Socrates was the teacher of Plato, Plato was the
More informationSection 5. Objectives
Objectives Explain how new discoveries in astronomy changed the way people viewed the universe. Understand the new scientific method and how it developed. Analyze the contributions that Newton and other
More informationSCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION What IS Science? What IS Science? a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws: the mathematical
More informationmethod/ BELLRINGER
https://www.flocabulary.com/scientific method/ BELLRINGER USE this to fill in the top paragraph of the notes sheet I just gave you! While Europeans were exploring and colonizing the world, other Europeans
More informationEnlightenment and Revolution. Section 1
Main Idea Ch 5.1-- The Scientific Revolution New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution. Content Statement 5 /Learning Goal (Ch 5-1) Describe how the Scientific
More informationUse of reason, mathematics, and technology to understand the physical universe. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Use of reason, mathematics, and technology to understand the physical universe. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Background Info Scientific rev gradually overturned centuries of scientific ideas Medieval scientists
More informationGalileo Galilei. Trial of Galileo before the papal court
Rene Descartes Rene Descartes was a French philosopher who was initially preoccupied with doubt and uncertainty. The one thing he found beyond doubt was his own experience. Emphasizing the importance of
More informationMain Themes: 7/12/2009
What were some of the major achievements of scientists during this period? Why has this period been labeled a revolution? Why was the Scientific Revolution seen as threatening by the Catholic Church? How
More informationSSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans.
SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans. a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler,
More informationThe Scientific Revolution Learning Target
The Scientific Revolution Learning Target Explain how new discoveries in astronomy changed the way people viewed the universe. Understand the new scientific method and how it developed. Analyze the contributions
More informationThe Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution Consider the following. Put them in order from most true to least true. 1. That house is on fire. 2. God exists. 3. The earth moves around the sun. 4. 2 + 2 = 4 5. Michelangelo
More informationHow Astronomers Learnt that The Heavens Are Not Perfect
1 How Astronomers Learnt that The Heavens Are Not Perfect Introduction In this packet, you will read about the discoveries and theories which changed the way astronomers understood the Universe. I have
More information,.~ Readlng ~ What,~,~~ is a geocentric system? Chapter3 J 73
Earth at the Center When the ancient Greeks watched the stars move across the sky, they noticed that the patterns of the stars didn t change. Although the stars seemed to move, they stayed in the same
More information1 Astronomy: The Original Science
CHAPTER 18 1 Astronomy: The Original Science SECTION Studying Space BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do astronomers define a day, a month,
More informationObserving the Solar System 20-1
Observing the Solar System 20-1 Ancient Observations The ancient Greeks observed the sky and noticed that the moon, sun, and stars seemed to move in a circle around the Earth. It seemed that the Earth
More informationSCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION VOCABULARY: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Revolution a sweeping change Geocentric earth-centered universe Astronomer scientist who studies the motion of stars and planets Heliocentric sun-centered
More informationPlanets & The Origin of Science
Planets & The Origin of Science Reading: Chapter 2 Required: Guided Discovery (p.44-47) Required: Astro. Toolbox 2-1 Optional: Astro. Toolbox 2-2, 2-3 Next Homework Due. Feb. 26 Office Hours: Monday, 12-2
More informationScientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution Historical Context: In the sixteenth century thinkers in Europe believed that there were discoverable laws in nature known as natural laws. Through the use of observation and experimentation
More informationAnnouncements. Topics To Be Covered in this Lecture
Announcements! Tonight s observing session is cancelled (due to clouds)! the next one will be one week from now, weather permitting! The 2 nd LearningCurve activity was due earlier today! Assignment 2
More informationEarly Models of the Universe. How we explained those big shiny lights in the sky
Early Models of the Universe How we explained those big shiny lights in the sky The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 322 BCE) believed that the Earth was the center of our universe, and everything rotated
More informationThings to do today. Terminal, Astronomy is Fun. Lecture 24 The Science of Astronomy. Scientific Thinking. After this lecture, please pick up:
Things to do today After this lecture, please pick up: Review questions for the final exam Homework#6 (due next Tuesday) No class on Thursday (Thanksgiving) Final exam on December 2 (next Thursday) Terminal,
More informationContents: -Information/Research Packet. - Jumbled Image packet. - Comic book cover page. -Comic book pages. -Example finished comic
Contents: -Information/Research Packet - Jumbled Image packet - Comic book cover page -Comic book pages -Example finished comic Nicolaus Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who lived
More informationWas Ptolemy Pstupid?
Was Ptolemy Pstupid? Why such a silly title for today s lecture? Sometimes we tend to think that ancient astronomical ideas were stupid because today we know that they were wrong. But, while their models
More informationASTR 1010 Spring 2016 Study Notes Dr. Magnani
The Copernican Revolution ASTR 1010 Spring 2016 Study Notes Dr. Magnani The Copernican Revolution is basically how the West intellectually transitioned from the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the Universe
More informationScientific Revolution. 16 th -18 th centuries
Scientific Revolution 16 th -18 th centuries As we go through this information Write two quiz questions for review at the end of class. If you don t want to write quiz questions, you can write haikus about
More informationThe Scientific Revolution
Chapter 18, Section 2 The Scientific Revolution (Pages 670 679) Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did the Scientific Revolution change life in the 1600s? What is
More information2X CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BIOGRAPHY 780L
2X CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BIOGRAPHY 780L CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY AN EARTH-CENTERED VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE Born 85 CE Hermiou, Egypt Died 165 CE Alexandria, Egypt By Cynthia Stokes Brown, adapted by Newsela Claudius Ptolemy
More information2X CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BIOGRAPHY 1260L
2X CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BIOGRAPHY 1260L CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY AN EARTH-CENTERED VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE Born 85 CE Hermiou, Egypt Died 165 CE Alexandria, Egypt By Cynthia Stokes Brown The Earth was the center of the
More informationTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Figuring Out the World of Science and Where God Belongs in the Equation. Setting the Stage Between 1300-1600 CE, Europe went through major changes. The Renaissance, a rebirth
More informationTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION REVOLUTION: a sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc. (Merriam-Webster) THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Time of advancements in math and science during
More informationImprisoned For the Truth
Imprisoned For the Truth Written by Boey Good day, my name is Galileo Galilei, and I'm not in a very good mood because I don't have much freedom. Read on and find out why. I was born in 1564, February
More informationReading Essentials and Study Guide
Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Why do new ideas often spark change? How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings? Reading HELPDESK Academic Vocabulary
More informationThe Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution 1.) Recreate the below chart in your ISN and take notes on each of the 9 scientists in bold letters. You may want to switch it to horizontal. The article is also available on
More informationIntro to Astronomy. Looking at Our Space Neighborhood
Intro to Astronomy Looking at Our Space Neighborhood Astronomy: The Original Science Ancient cultures used the movement of stars, planets and the moon to mark time Astronomy: the study of the universe
More informationHow the Greeks Used Geometry to Understand the Stars
previous index next How the Greeks Used Geometry to Understand the Stars Michael Fowler, University of Virginia 9/16/2008 Crystal Spheres: Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle Plato, with his belief that the world
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe: The Invention of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe: The Invention of Science Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100-mdw@courses.umass.edu September 09, 2014 Read: Chap 3 09/09/14 slide 1 Problem Set #1: due this afternoon
More informationChapter 2. The Rise of Astronomy. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 2 The Rise of Astronomy Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Periods of Western Astronomy Western astronomy divides into 4 periods Prehistoric
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe: The Rise of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe: The Rise of Science Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy weinberg@astro.umass.edu September 11, 2012 Read: Chap 3 09/11/12 slide 1 Problem Set #1 due this afternoon at 5pm! Read:
More informationAstronomy Notes Chapter 02.notebook April 11, 2014 Pythagoras Aristotle geocentric retrograde motion epicycles deferents Aristarchus, heliocentric
Around 2500 years ago, Pythagoras began to use math to describe the world around him. Around 200 years later, Aristotle stated that the Universe is understandable and is governed by regular laws. Most
More informationAstronomy 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 1
Astronomy 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 1 Chapter 1 1. A scientific hypothesis is a) a wild, baseless guess about how something works. b) a collection of ideas that seems to explain
More information2. 4 Base your answer to the question on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.
1. 3 One way in which the contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton are similar is that each 1. challenged the heliocentric theory of the universe 2. based his work on Enlightenment principles of
More informationSTATION #1: NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
STATION #1: NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who is best known for the astronomical theory that the Sun was near the center of the universe and that the Earth and other planets
More informationThe Birth of Astronomy. Lecture 3 1/24/2018
The Birth of Astronomy Lecture 3 1/24/2018 Fundamental Questions of Astronomy (life?) What is the shape of the Earth? How big is the planet we live on? Why do the stars move across the sky? Where is Earth
More informationBELL WORK. What is a revolution? Name some revolutions that have occurred in history. How does science contradict religious teachings?
BELL WORK What is a revolution? Name some revolutions that have occurred in history. How does science contradict religious teachings? Objec&ve I can evaluate how the scien&fic revolu&on affected society.
More informationSTANDARD WHII.6a The student will demonstrate knowledge of scientific, political, economic, and religious changes during the sixteenth, seventeenth,
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS STANDARD WHII.6a The student will demonstrate knowledge of scientific, political, economic, and religious changes during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries by a) describing
More informationChapter 4. The Origin Of Modern Astronomy. Is okay to change your phone? From ios to Android From Android to ios
Chapter 4 The Origin Of Modern Astronomy Slide 14 Slide 15 14 15 Is Change Good or Bad? Do you like Homer to look like Homer or with hair? Does it bother you when your schedule is changed? Is it okay to
More informationTHE RISE OF MODERN SCIENCE CHAPTER 20, SECTION 2
THE RISE OF MODERN SCIENCE CHAPTER 20, SECTION 2 ORIGINS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 335 BCE-1687 CE A New View of the Universe Scientists of the 1500s asked same questions as Greeks: What is the universe
More informationThe Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the authority on science. Some people began to question the Church s authority Francis Bacon stressed the importance of observation
More informationTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION HISTORIANS USE THE WORD REVOLUTION TO MEAN NOT ONLY A POLITICAL EVENT LIKE THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, but... AN EVENT (or TIME PERIOD) IN WHICH PEOPLE (EITHER THROUGH A SINGLE INVENTION
More informationChapter 3 The Science of Astronomy
Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science Our goals for learning: In what ways do all humans employ scientific thinking? How did astronomical observations benefit ancient societies?
More informationEarly Ideas of the Universe
Early Ideas of the Universe Though much of modern astronomy deals with explaining the Universe, through History astronomy has dealt with such practical things as keeping time, marking the arrival of seasons,
More informationChapter 2 The Copernican Revolution
Chapter 2 The Copernican Revolution Units of Chapter 2 2.1 Ancient Astronomy 2.2 The Geocentric Universe 2.3 The Heliocentric Model of the Solar System The Foundations of the Copernican Revolution 2.4
More informationTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Presentation Topics 1. The Medieval View (189) 2. A New Way of Thinking (189-190) 3. Copernicus and the Heliocentric Theory (190) 4. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler (190) 5. Galileo's
More informationHistory of Astronomy - Part I. Ancient Astronomy. Ancient Greece. Astronomy is a science that has truly taken shape only in the last couple centuries
History of Astronomy - Part I Astronomy is a science that has truly taken shape only in the last couple centuries Many advances have been made in your lifetime However, astronomical concepts and ideas
More informationHistory of Astronomy. Historical People and Theories
History of Astronomy Historical People and Theories Plato Believed he could solve everything through reasoning. Circles and Spheres are good because they are perfect (never ending) and pleasing to the
More informationPHY1033C/HIS3931/IDH 3931 : Discovering Physics: The Universe and Humanity s Place in It Fall Prof. Peter Hirschfeld, Physics
PHY1033C/HIS3931/IDH 3931 : Discovering Physics: The Universe and Humanity s Place in It Fall 2016 Prof. Peter Hirschfeld, Physics Last time Science, History and Progress: Thomas Kuhn Structure of scientific
More informationInventors and Scientists: Nicolaus Copernicus
Inventors and Scientists: Nicolaus Copernicus By Big History Project, adapted by Newsela on 06.15.16 Word Count 745 Level 750L TOP: An engraving of Copernicus. MIDDLE: The Copernican model from the Harmonica
More informationEarth Science, 13e Tarbuck & Lutgens
Earth Science, 13e Tarbuck & Lutgens Origins of Modern Astronomy Earth Science, 13e Chapter 21 Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Early history of astronomy Ancient Greeks Used philosophical
More informationScientific Revolution
Chapter 8 Scientific Rev Page 1 Scientific Revolution Monday, October 31, 2005 11:02 Background "Intellectual Revolution" 17th century age of genius About Ideas, not technology Science before the Scientific
More informationChapter 3 The Science of Astronomy. Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy 1 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science Our goals for learning: In what ways do all humans employ scientific thinking? How did astronomical observations benefit ancient societies?
More information2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy Telescope invented around 1600 Galileo built his own, made observations: Moon has mountains and valleys Sun has sunspots, and rotates Jupiter has moons (shown): Venus
More informationThe History of Astronomy
The History of Astronomy http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/babylon/babybibl_intro.htm http://mason.gmu.edu/~jmartin6/howe/images/pythagoras.jpg http://www.russellcottrell.com/greek/aristarchus.htm http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/astronomer/homemain.html
More informationBenefit of astronomy to ancient cultures
Benefit of astronomy to ancient cultures Usefulness as a tool to predict the weather (seasons) Usefulness as a tool to tell time (sundials) Central Africa (6500 B.C.) Alignments Many ancient cultures built
More informationEarth Science, 11e. Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy
2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 21 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationScience. Is this course science? A. Yes B. No
Science Science Is this course science? A. Yes B. No Science Is this course science? A. Yes B. No, this course is about the results of science Science Is this course science? A. Yes B. No, this course
More informationDay 4: Scientific Ideas Change the World
Day 4: Scientific Ideas Change the World Learning Goal 4: Describe how the ideas of Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and Boyle and the invention of the printing press contributed to the Scientific Revolution
More informationGalileo Galilei and Aristotle
Galileo Galilei and Aristotle Introduction Galileo and Aristotle were both discoverers. Both made important, but not necessarily correct discoveries, and we all know that. To find out, comparing and contrasting
More informationClaudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD. Jan 5 7:37 AM
Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD Jan 5 7:37 AM Copernicus: The Foundation Nicholas Copernicus (Polish, 1473 1543): Proposed the first modern heliocentric model, motivated by inaccuracies of the Ptolemaic
More informationCh. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest
Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest 1. True or False: Early Greek astronomers (600 B.C. A.D. 150) used telescopes to observe the stars. Ch. 22 Origin of
More informationScientific Revolution
Indiana World History Standards Today s Objectives Scientific Revolution SS.WH.4.9 2007 Describe the rise, achievements, decline and demise of the Byzantine Empire; the relationships of Byzantine and Western
More informationAstronomy Lesson 8.1 Astronomy s Movers and Shakers
8 Astronomers.notebook Astronomy Lesson 8.1 Astronomy s Movers and Shakers Aristotle 384 322 BCE Heavenly objects must move on circular paths at constant speeds. Earth is motionless at the center of the
More informationCh 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Notes Ch 22.1 Early Astronomers Astronomy Astrology A. Ancient Greece B. Two Basic Theories Existed:
Ch 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Notes Ch 22.1 Early Astronomers Astronomy: The science that studies the universe, dealing with properties of objects in space. Astrology: A belief that the positions of
More informationYEAR 5 EARTH AND SPACE PLANNING. History: history of astronomy
YEAR 5 EARTH AND SPACE PLANNING Class: Term: Subject: Science Unit: Earth and Space Differentiation and support (Detailed differentiation in weekly plans.) SEN: Support from more able partners in mixed
More informationThe History of Astronomy. Theories, People, and Discoveries of the Past
The History of Astronomy Theories, People, and Discoveries of the Past Early man recorded very little history. Left some clues in the form of petrographs. Stone drawings that show eclipses, comets, supernovae.
More informationBROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. The observation that the intervals of time between two successive quarter phases of the Moon are very nearly equal implies that
BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 10 Test 1: November 2014 Number of pages: 10 Course: ASTR 1P01, Section 2 Number of students: 961 Examination date: 7 November 2014 Time limit: 50 min Time of Examination: 17:00
More information2 OBSERVING THE SKY: THE BIRTH OF ASTRONOMY
2 OBSERVING THE SKY: THE BIRTH OF ASTRONOMY 1 2.1 The Sky Above Did you ever lie flat on your back in an open field and look up? If so, what did the sky look like? Most people think it appears to look
More informationPlanetary Orbits: Kepler s Laws 1/18/07
Planetary Orbits: Kepler s Laws Announcements The correct link for the course webpage http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/undergrad/classes/spring2007/giacalone_206-2 The first homework due Jan 25 (available for
More informationUpon Whose Shoulders We Stand: A History of Astronomy Up to 200 A.D. Dick Mallot 3/17/2005
Upon Whose Shoulders We Stand: A History of Astronomy Up to 200 A.D. Dick Mallot 3/17/2005 Who were these ancient astronomers? Where did real astronomy begin? What did we know about astronomy 2000+ years
More informationHumanities 3 V. The Scientific Revolution
Humanities 3 V. The Scientific Revolution Lecture 20 The Trial Of Galileo Outline The Astronomical Revolution Galileo and the Church Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina Copernican System 1543 Publication
More informationOn the Shoulders of Giants: Isaac Newton and Modern Science
22 May 2012 MP3 at voaspecialenglish.com On the Shoulders of Giants: Isaac Newton and Modern Science SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: This is Shirley Griffith. STEVE EMBER: And this is Steve Ember with the VOA Special
More informationChapter 21: The Enlightenment & Revolutions, Lesson 1: The Scientific Revolution
Chapter 21: The Enlightenment & Revolutions, 1550 1800 Lesson 1: The Scientific Revolution World History Bell Ringer #58 3-7-18 What does the word science mean to you? It Matters Because Of all the changes
More informationLast time we finished Ch. 2
Last time we finished Ch. 2 Everyday astronomy 1. Patterns in the Sky 2. The Cause of Seasons 3. The Phases of the Moon 4. The Ancient Mystery of the Planets Last time we finished Ch. 2 You re getting
More informationHistorical Evaluation of Scientific Methods and Tradition in Science
1 of 5 2/12/2016 4:43 PM Year-1 Issue-1 Continuous issue-1 June-July 2012 Introduction:::: Historical Evaluation of Scientific Methods and Tradition in Science The root of science, method and scientific
More informationBe able to explain retrograde motion in both the current and Ptolemy s models. You are likely to get an essay question on a quiz concerning these.
Astronomy 110 Test 2 Review Castle Chapters 6, 7, and possibly 8 NOTE: THIS IS NOT MEANT TO BE EXHAUSTIVE, THIS IS TO HELP THE YOU TRAIN ON THE QUESTION FORMATS AND THE CONCEPTS. Just because an issue
More informationUnderstanding Planetary Motion
Understanding Planetary Motion Use experimental observations (made prior to telescopes) to understand motion of the planets. Period is easy, distances and orbit shape are hard (except Venus and Mercury
More informationTest Bank for Life in the Universe, Third Edition Chapter 2: The Science of Life in the Universe
1. The possibility of extraterrestrial life was first considered A) after the invention of the telescope B) only during the past few decades C) many thousands of years ago during ancient times D) at the
More informationBROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. The observation that the intervals of time between two successive quarter phases of the Moon are very nearly equal implies that
BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 10 Test 1: November 2014 Number of pages: 10 Course: ASTR 1P01, Section 2 Number of students: 30 Examination date: 10 November 2014 Time limit: 50 min Time of Examination: 9:00
More informationPlato ( BC) All natural motion is circular Reason is more important than observation
Plato (428-348 BC) All natural motion is circular Reason is more important than observation Aristotle (384-322 BC) Physics elements earth water air fire quintessence Eratosthenes (276-195 BC) He measured
More informationScientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Introduction
Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Introduction Background What did the Renaissance do? The Renaissance sparked interest and curiosity about many things, allowing people to start to think for
More information