Exo-Cartography (Mapping the Climate and Oceans of Exoplanets)
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1 Exo-Cartography (Mapping the Climate and Oceans of Exoplanets) Nick Cowan CIERA Postdoctoral Fellow Northwestern University May 17, 2011
2 What I Won t Talk About Pallé et al. (2009) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth 351 2
3 PART 1 The Present of Exoplanet Characterization
4 Hot Jupiters May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth 351 4
5 Hot Jupiter upiter Close to Star: a 10-2 a J High Irradiation: F 10 4 F J Hot: T 10 T J Strong Tides: F tidal 10 6 F tidal, J May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth 351 5
6 Hot Jupiter Expectations 1. High Temperatures No Clouds Low Albedo 2. Large Power Budget Day-Night forcing Rapid Winds 3. Tidally Locked Weak Coriolis Force Large Storms Showman et al. (2009) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth 351 6
7 Outline 1. Thermal Phase Variations 2. Low Signal/Noise Lightcurves 3. High Signal/Noise Lightcurves May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth 351 7
8 Outline 1. Thermal Phase Variations 2. Low Signal/Noise Lightcurves 3. High Signal/Noise Lightcurves May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth 351 8
9 Observing Hot Jupiters Sweet Spot (Mid-IR) Spitzer May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth 351 9
10 Transit May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
11 Infrared Light Curve Brightness 100% 99% Transit Transit Depth = (R p /R * ) 2 Time May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
12 Eclipse May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
13 Infrared Light Curve Brightness 100.3% 100% 99% Transit Star + Planet Star Eclipse Eclipse Depth (R p /R * ) 2 (T day /T * ) Time May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
14 Thermal Phases May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
15 Thermal Phase Variations Brightness Star + Planet Star Thermal Phase Amplitude (R p /R * ) 2 (T day - T night )/T * 100.3% 100.1% 100% Transit Eclipse Time May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
16 Outline 1. Thermal Phase Variations 2. Low Signal/Noise Lightcurves 3. High Signal/Noise Lightcurves May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
17 Low S/N Phase Functions HD 8 micron (Cowan, Agol & Charbonneau 2007) 51 8 micron (Cowan, Agol & Charbonneau 2007) HD 8 micron (Cowan, Agol & Charbonneau 2007) Ups 24 micron (Crossfield et al. 2010) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
18 What Determines Tday and Tnight? 1. Bright Star: T0 = Teff (R*/a)1/2 Doesn t affect relative brightness 2. Bond Albedo: A Keeps planet cool Less infrared light 3. Recirculation: ε τrad /τadv Cools day-side Warms night-side May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
19 Where 24 Transiting Planets Live (a Probability Distribution Function) Day-Side Temperature Degeneracy High Albedos Not Common A B < 0.35 Without Optical Data! Cowan & Agol 2011b May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
20 Outline 1. Thermal Phase Variations 2. Low Signal/Noise Lightcurves 3. High Signal/Noise Lightcurves May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
21 High S/N Phase Functions (Knutson et al. 2007, 2009a) 33 hour observation Rotation HD (8 micron) Eclipse Transit Phase Function Cowan & Agol (2008) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
22 Map Coordinates May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
23 Planet Mapping Basics 2D Brightness Map Hydrodynamic Simulation (Cho et al. 2003) Integral LONGITUDINAL MAP Convolution LIGHT CURVE Can de-convolve lightcurve IF STEADY-STATE CLIMATE (Cowan & Agol 2008) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
24 Eclipse Variability & Mapping Stack seven Spitzer 8 micron eclipses of HD b: F day changed by < 2.7% on timescales of days to years Agol, Cowan et al. (2010) ~40 sec discrepancy in time of eclipse constrains hot spot location May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
25 Eclipse + Phase Mapping Majeau, Agol & Cowan (in prep) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
26 Summary T 0 A B T day T night ε Thermal Eclipse Depth T day Thermal Phase Amplitude T night T day and T night A B and ε Shape of Thermal Phase/Eclipse T(Φ,t) T(Φ,t) τ rad and τ adv May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
27 Part 2 The Future of Exoplanet Characterization
28 The Habitable Zone May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
29 Image of a Nearby Planetary System A. Time-Averaged Spectroscopy B.Time-Resolved Photometry High-Contrast Optical Imaging Space-Based Telescope (>5m) Internal/External Coronograph N+1 decades from now Habitable Zone Planet Host Star Blocked/Nulled (Simulated image from Oakley & Cash 2009) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
30 Possible HZ Worlds Equatorial Earth (EPOXI) Snowball Earth (Model) A Priori Unknown Climate State A Priori Unknown Obliquity Polar Earth (EPOXI) May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
31 Outline Thermal Phase Variations Colors of Exoplanets Snowball Earth Model Exo-Cartography May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
32 Eccentricity Seasons (Any Viewing Geometry) Apastron Diurnal Cycle (Edge-On Orbits Best) Day-Side (Superior Conjunction) Night-Side (Inferior Conjunction) Periastron Cowan & Agol (2011a) Gaidos & Williams (2004) Obliquity Seasons (Pole-On Rotation Best) Winter Solstice Summer Solstice May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
33 1) Eccentricity and Obliquity Affect Climate 2) Climate Affects Response to Eccentricity, Obliquity and Diurnal Forcing Use State-of-the-Art GCMs to compare thermal phase variations from: - Temperate Planet (Large Thermal Inertia) - Snowball Planet (Small Thermal Inertia) Work in Progress with Dorian Abbot & Aiko Voigt May 17, 2011 Nick Cowan's Talk for Earth
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