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1 Name: Singler ES2 Midyear Topic Outline Midyear Date: Friday 1/19/2018 8:00 a.m. Location: Room B446 Bring pencils and a calculator. You may prepare & use 1 handwritten 4 x 6 note card. UNIT 1 Intro to Earth Science/Skills of a Scientist Test Date: 9/27/17 Text Chapter 1; Class notes & labs Topics: observation, inference & prediction; branches of earth science; reading a picture; scientific measurement; measurement tools; drawing & reading graphs UNIT 2 The Universe Test Date: 10/20/17 Text Chapter 22; Class notes & labs Topics: relative sizes of objects in space; energy in space: parts of a wave; relationship between wavelength, frequency & energy; electromagnetic spectrum (types of EM energy); what is a star; using HR diagram to classify stars by brightness, color & temperature; Big Bang Theory & evidence (formation of universe); age of universe UNIT 3 Density & the Solar System Test Date: 11/8/17 Text Chapter 24; Class notes & labs Topics: mass, volume & density; determining relative density; calculating mass, volume & density (mass/volume); using the density triangle; what is the Sun; what is a planet; age of solar system; names of major planets in order from Sun; rotation & revolution; differences between terrestrial & jovian planets; compare/contrast planets using planet data chart; Kepler s laws; perihelion & aphelion; effect of gravity on planets and orbiting bodies UNIT 4 Energy Transfer & Earth s Seasons Test Date: 12/6/17 Text Chapters 15 & 23; Class notes & labs Topics: radiation, conduction & convection (definitions & examples); absorption vs. reflection and the effect on temperature of a substance; heating & cooling of land vs. water; effects of uneven heating of fluids on density; source of energy for Earth s atmosphere; Earth s movements (rotation & revolution); important latitudes (Equator, Tropics of Cancer & Capricorn, Arctic & Antarctic Circles); direct vs. indirect rays; angle of Earth s tilt; solstices & equinoxes dates, position of Earth relative to Sun, location of day/night line, location of direct rays, relative length of day vs. night; reading a diagram of seasons; Southern Hemisphere seasons opposite of Northern Hemisphere; causes of seasons; perihelion & aphelion dates compared to seasons

2 Unit 5 Earth s Atmosphere Test Date: 1/9/17 Text Chapter 15; Class notes & labs Topics: definition & characteristics of air; composition & importance of Earth s atmosphere; air pressure and how it changes in atmosphere (pressure graph); layers of atmosphere (names, characteristics, temperature graph); types of EM energy absorbed in each atmospheric layer; importance of ozone; importance of greenhouse gases & greenhouse effect; carbon cycle How should I begin to prepare for the midyear exam? 1. Get organized. Find all the tests from this semester and the study guides completed for each test. 2. Go over old tests. Correct the mistakes made the first time around by looking up information in notes, labs and textbook. 3. Highlight things that you do not remember and/or do not understand. These are the topics you will want to spend the most time studying for the exam. 4. For topics that you feel confident about, take a little time to review them and be sure that you remember them correctly. (Don t just ignore them.) 5. For topics that you do not remember or understand, go over related sections of study guides and practice questions. Make notes on a note card (handwritten) to help you remember things that you might easily confuse.

3 Name: Singler ES2 Midyear Review Practice Midyear Date: Friday 1/19/2018 8:00 a.m. Location: Room B446 Bring pencils and a calculator. You will be permitted to prepare and use one handwritten 4 x 6 note card for the test. This packet provides practice questions for topics covered this semester. Refer to the Midyear Topic Outline, study guides and tests, notes and textbook to help you prepare. UNIT 1 Intro to Earth Science/Skills of a Scientist 1. Define each of the following terms: observation inference prediction 2. Which statement about a rock is an inference? (a) It has a dark color. (b) It has a bitter taste. (c) It has large crystals. (d) It formed deep underground. Global warming will cause shorter winters and more intense hurricanes. This statement is an example of a(n): (a) observation (b) inference (c) prediction The air is hot and humid. These are: (a) observations (b) inferences (c) predictions 3. Measure the line below in each of the following units, to the nearest tenth: inches millimeters centimeters 4. Read the temperature on the thermometer to the right in C AND F: 5. Read the volume of the graduated cylinder on the right, in milliliters:

4 6. Measure the following on Eeyore: (a) the distance between the tips of his ears use millimeters as the unit of measurement: (b) the distance between the heels of his feet use centimeters as the unit of measurement: 7. Match the branch of ES with its definition. astronomy a. study of earth s atmosphere geology b. study of space beyond earth s atmosphere meteorology c. study of earth s salt water bodies oceanography d. study of the solid earth 8. Identify the branch of earth science associated with each topic: hurricane tracking changes in earth s climate fossils & earth history predicting volcanic eruptions waves & tides study of black holes 9. Use the graph on the right to answer these questions. What was the temperature at 9 a.m. in: Florida? What was the temperature at 10 a.m. in New York? The hottest temperatures occurred at what time of day? How many degrees hotter was it in Florida than in New York at 11 a.m.?

5 Name: UNIT 2 The Universe Singler ES2 Midyear Review Practice 1. Order these from smallest to largest: galaxy, star, moon, star cluster, planet, galaxy cluster 2. Sketch a wave below. Label the crest, trough and wavelength. 3. Different types of energy that travel across space make up the spectrum. Humans only see light, which can be separated into colors. 4. List the types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength: short List the colors of visible light in order from longest to shortest wavelength: long long short 5. As wavelength increases, energy (increases/decreases/remains same). The shorter the wavelength, the (higher/lower) the frequency. Which wave below has the shortest wavelength? the highest frequency? the least energy? A B C D 6. Refer to the EM spectrum handout in your notes. For each pair listed, circle the one with more energy: gamma OR x-ray radio OR microwave visible OR ultraviolet visible OR infrared gamma OR radio microwave OR x-ray 7. For each pair listed, circle the color that has more energy: red OR blue orange OR green violet OR yellow For each pair listed, circle the color that has the longer wavelength: orange OR red blue OR violet green OR orange

6 8. True or False: Electromagnetic energy is all around us. True or False: All electromagnetic energy ( radiation ) is harmful. True or False: The Sun only gives off visible light energy. True or False: We see stars because of the visible energy they emit. True or False: Objects in space give off different types of electromagnetic energy. 9. A star produces energy when atoms of the element in the star s core combine by the process of to form helium. 10. The sketch on the right shows the axes of the HR diagram. Label the areas where the stars are: A HOT AND BRIGHT B COOL AND DIM C COOL AND BRIGHT D HOT AND DIM Where on the diagram are red stars? Where on the diagram are blue stars? What is the relationship between color and temperature of a star? 11. What is the theory that astronomers use to explain the formation of the universe? Describe, in 2 to 3 sentences, what the theory says: Evidence for the theory? The main elements in the universe are and. Studies of light from stars in distant galaxies indicate that the universe is (circle one: contracting OR expanding) because astronomers observe a (circle one: red OR blue) shift in the light observed. Astronomers have detected low levels of microwave energy throughout the universe; this is called the Cosmic and is believed to be leftover energy from the formation of the universe. How old (approximately) is the universe?

7 Name: UNIT 3 Density & the Solar System Singler ES2 Midyear Review Practice 1. Mass = measured with a balance; unit of measurement Volume = formula to calculate volume of a rectangular solid = for an irregular solid measured by displacement; for a liquid measured with a The unit of measurement is Know how to read different measurement tools. 2. Density is defined as calculated as Density = mass volume The units of density are Be able to calculate density of different objects. ; D m v 3. Calculate the following: (a) rectangular object w/ mass = 100g, length = 6.0 cm, width = 5.0 cm, height = 2.0 cm volume = density = (b) irregular object w/ mass = 6.0 g; placed in graduated cylinder w/ 20 ml of H 2 0, water level rises to 29 ml volume = density = (c) liquid volume = 13 ml; mass of liquid + container = 57.2 g; mass of container = 42.1 g mass of liquid = density = 4. List the objects shown in the container at the right in order of increasing density: 1 Which object has a density approximately equal to the density of the liquid in the container? 3 If the triangle were cut into 3 pieces of equal sizes, 2 its density would (increase/decrease/stay the same). When comparing substances of different densities, the more dense substance will (float/sink/hover) and the less dense substance will (float/sink/hover) when placed in the same container. 4

8 5. Name the 8 major planets in order of increasing distance from the sun. SUN Where is the asteroid belt? Astronomers believe that the solar system formed from a (cloud of gas and dust) that contracted and heated up until a star. The age of the solar system is approximately 6. Which planets are the terrestrial planets? Which planets are the Jovian planets? Put a t next to the characteristics of the terrestrial planets and a J next to characteristics of a Jovian planet. high density few or no moons large diameter low mass many moons (satellites) fast rotation gas & ice solid rocky surfaces rings long revolution fast orbital velocity high mass small diameter low density warmer surface temperatures 7. Use the Planet Data Chart in your notes to answer the following questions. Which planet has: the longest period of rotation? the highest density? the lowest density? the highest mass compared to Earth? the smallest diameter? fastest spin on its axis? slowest orbital velocity? the most moons? feels the strongest pull of gravity from the sun? 8. Match the terms with their definitions. orbit of planet around Sun sun-centered solar system spinning of planet on its axis place in planet s orbit where it is closest to Sun earth-centered solar system place in planet s orbit where it is farthest from Sun A. perihelion B. aphelion C. rotation D. revolution E. geocentric F. heliocentric 9. The scientist who described the laws of planetary motion was 1 st law: Planets orbit the sun in shaped paths, with the sun at one focus. During its orbit around the sun, a planet s distance to the sun changes. The point where the planet is closest to the sun is called and the point

9 where the planet is farthest from the sun is called. 2 nd law: A line from the planet to the sun sweeps through equal areas in equal time. Therefore, a planet s orbital velocity (speed) is (slower/faster) when it is closer to the sun than when it is farther from the sun. 3 rd law: A planet s period of revolution gets (shorter/longer) as its distance from the sun increases. The planet with the shortest period of revolution is, and has the longest period of revolution. 10. Based on Kepler s laws: Label the point on the right as the Sun. Label the point on the ellipse that is closest to the sun (perihelion) and farthest from the sun (aphelion) Show where in its orbit of the Sun a planet would move faster and where it would move slower. An ellipse is described by the property of eccentricity = F/A, where F is the distance between the FOCI and A is the length of the major axis. Measure F and A on the diagram and calculate eccentricity. F = A = eccentricity = 11. is the force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun. The scientist who identified this force was Circle an answer from the choices in parentheses: The force depends on mass and distance: it is (stronger OR weaker) when the masses are bigger and gets (stronger OR weaker) as the distances increases. Planets closer to the Sun feel a (weaker OR stronger) attraction to the Sun than more distant planets. The Sun s gravity is the strongest force in the solar system because the Sun has the largest mass in the solar system. Giant planets have many moons and rings because they have larger masses and stronger gravity than terrestrial planets. As a planet orbits the Sun, its distance from the Sun changes; it moves (faster/slower) when it is closer to the sun, at (perihelion/aphelion).

10 UNIT 4 Energy Transfer & Earth s Seasons 1. What is the source of energy for Earth s atmosphere? 2. Match each type of energy transfer with its definition and the states of matter in which it occurs. radiation a. movement of substances due to density differences conduction b. energy transfer by waves across space convection c. molecule to molecule energy transfer by direct contact d. most efficient in solids e. most efficient in fluids (liquids and gases) f. no molecules required 3. Match each type of energy transfer with examples of each process. radiation a. ironing a pair of pants conduction b. circulation of heated air in a room convection c. getting a sunburn d. heating food in a microwave e. boiling water in a pot f. frying a pancake 4. Darker surfaces absorb (more/less) energy and reflect (more/less) energy than lighter surfaces. A substance that absorbs more energy will radiate (more/less) energy. Land surfaces absorb energy (faster/slower) than water and cool off (faster/slower). 5. Explain how temperature and density differences in a fluid cause convection. Circle answers. As a substance heats up, its molecules move (faster/slower) and (expand/contract). This causes volume to (increase/decrease) and density to (increase/decrease). The substance (rises/sinks). As the substance cools, the opposite occurs: molecules (faster/slower) and (expand/contract); volume (increases/decreases) and density (increases/decreases). The substance (rises/sinks). Warm air is (more/less) dense than cooler air, so warm air (rises/sinks). 6. Draw and label a convection current. Show where the heat source is, where hotter and colder matter and where more and less dense matter would be, and show which would rise and which would sink.

11 7. Earth s period of rotation is hours (= 1 day) and period of revolution is days (= 1 year). 8. Identify the latitudes of: Equator North Pole South Pole Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle 9. Label the diagrams below as direct and indirect rays. Then write colder or warmer in the box below the picture. Rays Rays Which place is more like the tropics? 10. Earth s axis is tilted at an angle of from vertical. The North Pole always points towards, and Earth around the sun. 11. Check each factor from the list below that IS a cause of Earth s changing seasons. changing angle of sun s rays at a location Earth s elliptical orbit around Sun Earth s revolution Earth s axial tilt Earth s rotation direction Earth s axis points in space Earth s distance from the sun hours of daylight vs. darkness a place receives 12. Complete the following table. N Hemisphere Latitude with Length of day Light or Dark in S Hemisphere Season Date most direct rays vs. night Arctic Circle? Season Summer Solstice Autumnal Equinox Winter Solstice Vernal Equinox

12 13. Label the autumnal & vernal equinoxes and the summer and winter solstice positions on the diagram below that shows the Earth orbiting the Sun. 14. The sketch below shows Earth with its axis and the equator. Draw the position of the day/night line and shade in the night side. N Is it summer or winter in the Northern Hemisphere? How can you tell? UNIT 5 Earth s Atmosphere 1. Describe how you can tell that air has mass and takes up space. 2. The two most abundant gases in Earth s atmosphere are: and. A gas that is an important greenhouse gas for keeping the troposphere warm is, which makes up less than 0.1% of the atmosphere. 3. What is air pressure? What force holds the atmosphere in place around Earth? As altitude above Earth increases, pressure.

13 4. What are some reasons that Earth s atmosphere is important to life? 5. Label the layers of Earth s atmosphere in the correct order. (Choices: mesosphere, troposphere, thermosphere, stratosphere) Read the temperature at each altitude listed below. 12 km 40 km 55 km 70 km Match the layer with its characteristics. Choices: (a) troposphere (b) stratosphere (c) mesosphere (d) thermosphere contains ozone where weather occurs contains most of the air in the atmosphere has the lowest atmospheric pressure has the highest atmospheric pressure where ultraviolet rays are absorbed where greenhouse gases absorb heat from where life exists Earth s surface where meteors burn up where gamma and x-rays are absorbed 7. Where in the atmosphere is the ozone layer? Why is it important to life on Earth? 8. What is the greenhouse effect? Why is it important to life on Earth? Identify 2 greenhouse gases: What are 2 ways that carbon dioxide gets into the atmosphere? What are 2 ways that carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere? More CO 2 in the atmosphere means Earth s temperatures will be (warmer OR cooler).

Singler/Grant Applied ES2 Midyear Topic Outline Midyear Date: Friday 1/19/2018 8:00 a.m. Location: Room B330

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