The Future of Exoplanet Science from Space

Transcription

1 The Future of Exoplanet Science from Space Informed by a Clearer, Better, Faster, Stronger talk An Exoplanet Wishlist for ~2050 Based on talks with Giada Arney, Joshua Schlieder, Avi Mandell, Alexandra Greenbaum, Maxime Rizzo, Vlad Airapetian, Shawn Domagal-Goldman and many others Prabal Saxena

2 Clearer - Higher spatial resolution spatial mapping using direct imaging in the visible/ir? - 2D gridded pixels/1d slices of surface Already Phase Resolved Maps from Emission Spectroscopy in Transit (Stevenson et al., 2014) See review chapter on exo-cartography by Cowan and Fujii, 2017 Better - MIR high spectral resolution data > improved contrast ratios for direct imaging, access to different (bio)signatures Spectra from Rauer et al., 2011 Detecting multiple markers of potential disequilibrium chemistry > potential biosignature

3 Faster - improve time sampling to detect temporal variations w/direct imaging (difficulty is speckle field still changing) and transit photometry Potential variations observed in transit (analytical model applied to variation in HAT-P-7 b) Armstrong et al., 2017 Stronger - Higher cadence, spatial resolution, spectral resolution and scheduling all will require larger mirrors - interferometry Exolife Beacon Space Telescope (Airapetian et al., 2017) Studied before - Darwin & TPF-i

4 Current and Near Future Observatories are setting the Stage WFIRST JWST 2 Missions TESS ARIEL Kepler PLATO LUVOIR 5 CHEOPS 4 Spitzer Gaia Hubble 1 CoRoT 3 Starshade Rendezvous 5 HabEx 5 NASA Missions Non-NASA Missions OST 5 W. M. Keck Observatory 1 NASA/ESA Partnership 2 NASA/ESA/CSA Partnership 3 CNES/ESA 4 ESA/Swiss Space Office Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer NN-EXPLORE Ground Telescopes with NASA participation Decadal Survey Studies Future Observatories are primed to build on their efforts

5 HabEx - Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission 4m monolithic primary, off-axis secondary 72m vortex coronagraph + starshade nm, NUV R=7, Vis R=140, NIR R=40 4E-11 contrast in visible at > 60 mas Workhorse camera + UV spectrograph Science goals: - Find nearby worlds/assess habitability using reflected light - Map nearby systems and understand their diversity - UV-NIR astrophysics observations Rogers/Gaudi/Habex Team, 2018

6 LUVOIR - The Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor Instruments - ECLIPS coronagraph 1E-10 contrast 0.2-2μm, HLC and Vortex - LUMOS UV Spectrograph nm, R= High-Def Imager μm, R= UV spectro-polarimeter (ESA) R~120,000 Solar System from 13 parsec with coronagraph and 12-m telescope Credit: LUVOIR Tools / T. Robinson (NAU) / G. Arney (NASA GSFC) 2 Designs m and 9.2-m mirror Serviceable and Upgradeable Credit: L. Pueyo (STScI) / M. N Diaye (LAM) Science Goals - Explore Habitable Exoplanets and Biosignatures frequency constraint using a survey > statistically meaningful exoearth sample - General planetary science and astrophysics See talks by Walt Harris and Heidi Hammel for more LUVOIR details!

7 Credit: Asantha Cooray presentation Origins Space Telescope Mid-Far IR telescope 5-600μm 2 Concepts - 9.1m primary m primary, 5-660μm Exoplanet Goals - Exoplanet biosignatures search - Probe formation by studying circumstellar disks - Discover Jovian planets using coronagraph Figure 1. OST will characterize habitable planets in search of signs of life. Credit: ModelFortney transmission et al. Decadal (left) and White emission Paper Exoplanet Science Relevant Instruments MISC instrument - Mid-infrared imager, spectrometer and coronagraph, 5-25 μm at R= HRS - High Resolution Spectrometer μm at R=1E6 Main focus of exoplanet relevant instruments: - Transmission & Emission Spectroscopy of transiting exoplanets around M dwarfs - Constraining mass and water content of planet forming disks - Detection of directly imaged Jovian planets

8 Lynx X-ray Surveyor Instruments PotenBal Exoplanet ApplicaBons - X-ray Microcalorimeter, KeV, 3 ev resolution - HD X-ray Imager KeV, ~100 ev resolution Where do planets form? Where do they migrate? - X-ray grating spectrometer R>5,000 X-ray spectra of young stars show more than accredon plus magnedc acdv X-rays implicated in rapid headng of protoplanetary disks Aler stars lose their disks X-ray surveys are the only way to find young ste X-ray telescope 2 Concepts - 3m diameter + 10m focal length and 6x20 version Exoplanet Goals - Planet formation + migration Stellar activity effects on exoplanet atmospheres How does this stellar activity change over time? Images from a presentation by Rachel Osten Slide courtesy of E. Feigelson

9 Overarching Long Term Exoplanet Science Goals (not exhaustive) Habitability Luvoir Tools Explore the diversity of planets and their systems, and how they form and evolve Image from STScI data from Turnbull et al.

10 Understanding Planet Specific Biosignatures Credit: (Meadows, 2016)

11 The Process of Detecting Biosignatures

12 Credit: T. B. Griswold (NASA GSFC) A Roadmap to Finding Life

13 SCIENCE MISSIONS TECHNOLOGY Hubble Spitzer Angular Resolution and Collecting Area: Large Space Telescopes Kepler TESS Contrast Stability: Ultrastable Structures Detection Sensitivity: Advanced Detectors Starlight Suppression: Starshades Starlight Suppression: Coronagraphs JWST WFIRST TODAY 2020S 2025S Exoplanet Abundance Exoplanetary Atmospheres Hot Jupiters Nearest Exoplanets Angular Resolution: Interferometry Atmospheric Chemistry Direct Imaging Exozodiacal Dust Exoplanet Diversity Starshade Rendezvous 2030S Habitable Exo-Earth Discovery OST HabEx LUVOIR Possible Pending Decadal Survey Exo-Earth Biosignatures Habitable Exo-Earth Abundance M-Dwarf Rocky Planets Cool Gas Giants Exo-Earth Interferometer 2035 and beyond Life Verification Will require a global, cross-disciplinary effort

14 Credit: Mars NASA, JUICE - ESA, BepiColombo - ESA Including Better Understanding of the Worlds in our Solar System