Potentially useful formulas: F = G m 1m 2 r 2 F = k q 1q 2 F = ma Distance = Speed Time

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1 PHY100 May 4, 2010 Final Exam Name: Aran Garcia-Bellido Please read the problems carefully and answer them in the space provided. Write on the back of the page, if necessary. Show your work where requested in order to be considered for partial credit. In problems where you are requested to show your work, no credit will be given unless your work is shown. Potentially useful formulas: F = G m 1m 2 r 2 F = k q 1q 2 r 2 F = ma Distance = Speed Time v = x t a = v t Momentum = p = mv Length contraction (space is longer in proper frame) : L = γl Space dilation (time is shorter in proper frame) : T = γt 1 γ = 1 ( v c )2 Wave properties : v = λf ; f = 1/T (T = period) Energy of a particle/wave : E = hf De Broglie matter waves : λ = h p = h mv Uncertainty principle : x p > h ; E t > h Constants : c = 300, Nm2 m/s ; G = kg 2 k = Nm2 C 2 ; h = Js g = G M r 2 = 9.8 m/s2 (in the surface of the Earth) ( ) Do not forget to put units in your results! 1. How did Galileo know that the planets go around the sun rather than around Earth? (a) From the writings of Aristarchus, the ancient Greek astronomer. (b) From telescopic measurements of the positions of the stars as Earth moved around the sun during the course of one year. (c) From measurements of the tides raised by the moon as compared with the tides raised by the sun. (d) From telescopic observations of the phases of Venus as it moves around the sun. (e) By noting that Venus always lies near the sun, as seen from Earth, from which he concluded that Venus must be orbiting the sun.

2 PHY100/Final Exam Page 2 of 7 Name: (4 pts ) ( ) (8 pts ) 2. Is it possible to prove, for certain, that a scientific theory is true? (a) Yes, by means of a single confirmed experiment that verifies the theory. (b) Yes, by carrying out a sufficient number of experimental observations. (c) Yes, by deducing it logically from other scientific theories that are known to be true. (d) No, because it is always possible that a future experiment will disagree with the theory. (e) No, because the experimental error, or uncertainty, that is always present in any experimental result. 3. What elementary particles are needed to describe ordinary matter in the Universe? (a) Hydrogen and Helium. (b) Protons, neutrons and electrons. (c) Up and down quarks, electrons and neutrinos. (d) Dark matter. (e) Alpha, gamma and beta particles. 4. Show your work. A 70 kg runner speeds up from 6 m/s to 7 m/s in 2 s. (a) (2 pts) Find the runner s acceleration. 4 pts 8 pts (b) (2 pts) What is the frictional force by the ground on the runner during this time? (c) (2 pts) Draw the forces on the runner. (d) (2 pts) How much does the runner weigh? 15 pts

3 PHY100/Final Exam Page 3 of 7 Name: ( ) 5. Renowned theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking recently made the news by stating that intelligent alien life forms almost certainly exist, but warned that coming in contact with them could be too risky due to infections, or the danger that aliens may want to use Earth s resources. Discuss the likelihood of such an encouter. ( ) ( ) ( ) 6. The amount of dark matter in the universe is: (a) many times less than the amount of visible matter. (b) about twice as much as the amount of visible matter. (c) many times more than the amount of visible matter. (d) about the same as the amount of visible matter. (e) unknown at the present time. 7. Is it possible for the driver of a car to accelerate the car without pressing on the accelerator pedal? (a) Yes, by pressing the brake pedal. (b) Yes, by turning the steering wheel. (c) Yes, by both of the above methods. (d) No, because the only way to speed up a car is to press on the accelerator pedal. (e) No, because an object in motion remains in motion unless acted on by a force. 8. NASA satellites stay up because (a) they are moving so fast that they are able to fall around Earth. (b) they are away from Earth s gravity and thus do not get pulled down toward Earth. (c) their rocket engines hold them above Earth s atmosphere. (d) there is no air resistance in outer space and thus no downward force on an orbiting satellite. (e) centrifugal force pulls outward on them. 19 pts

4 PHY100/Final Exam Page 4 of 7 Name: (8 pts ) 9. Of the four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravitational) identify which of them is responsible for (a) holding atoms together to make a table? 8 pts (b) holding electrons in atoms? (c) holding nuclei together? (d) holding you on the surface of Earth? (e) nuclear fussion? (f) beta decay of a nucleus? (g) emission of light by an atom? (h) the fact that you cannot walk through walls? ( ) (8 pts ) 10. The electromagnetic force is mediated by photons in the same way the strong force is mediated by (a) quarks (b) neutrinos (c) gluons (d) Z particles (e) protons 11. An average person in the US lives approximately 78 years. Does this mean that it is impossible for such an average person to travel more than 78 light years from Earth (in principle)? Briefly explain your reasoning. Note: assume crazy things like cryogenic sleep do not play a role here. 8 pts 19 pts

5 PHY100/Final Exam Page 5 of 7 Name: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 12. What is the explanation of Earth s magnetism? (a) It is caused by a separation of charge within the Earth, with positive static charge residing at one of Earth s poles and negative static charge residing at the other pole. (b) It is caused by electrically charged material circulating within Earth s hot liquid core. (c) Subatomic particles known as magnetic poles reside in the Earth, with one type of magnetic pole residing at Earth s north pole and the other type residing at Earth s south pole. (d) It is caused by charged, or ionized, particles circulating in the air above the solid Earth. (e) Earth s magnetism is a consequence of the world s physics professors all spinning in the same direction. 13. What is the physical difference between light and a radio wave? (a) Light is an electromagnetic wave while radio is a pressure wave in the air. (b) Light waves have a larger amplitude than radio waves. (c) Light waves have a higher frequency than radio waves. (d) Light waves have a longer wavelength than radio waves. (e) None of the above. 14. Velma s rocket ship is moving away from Mort at a speed of 0.75c. Mort fires a laser beam toward her spaceship, observing the tip of the laser beam to move away from him at speed c. Velma observes this laser beam to move past her at a speed of (a) 1.75c (b) 1.25c (c) c (d) 0.75c (e) 0.25c (f) The light never catches up with Velma 15. Which of the following has the longest wavelength, assuming that they all have the same speed? (a) Helium atom (b) Water molecule (c) Electron (d) Baseball (e) None of these objects have wavelengths of any kind. 16. The spectrum of the Hydrogen atom differs from the spectrum of the Helium atom due to (a) their different energy levels. (b) the different frequencies of their emitted photons. (c) both of the above. (d) neither of the above. (e) the quantum state of the nucleus 15 pts

6 PHY100/Final Exam Page 6 of 7 Name: ( ) 17. True or False. One point each. No justification needed. (a) The big bang occurred 14 million years ago. (b) Only the elements through iron in the periodic table (i.e. Z=1-26) were created during the first few minutes of the big bang. (c) The cosmic microwave background is the now cooled radiation that was released when electrons could attach to nuclei some 400,000 years after the big bang. (d) The cosmic microwave background shows that the universe is a violent place with changes in temperature of 10 5 degrees. (e) The observed abundance of very heavy elements in our galaxy is just what is predicted by the big bang theory. (f) Inflation caused the universe to expand faster than lightspeed: this doesn t contradict special relativity because it was space itself that was expanding. (g) One piece of evidence supporting the theory of cosmic inflation is the observed fact that the universe is flat. (h) The evidence that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate comes from observations of our galaxy which is growing at an increasing rate. (i) (j) The universe is made mostly of dark matter. Newton s laws cannot explain the rotation of stars around the visible mass of galaxies. ( ) (6 pts ) 18. Nuclear energies are much larger than chemical energies because (a) nuclear forces act over such a long range. (b) the nuclear force is so much stronger than the electromagnetic force. (c) the electromagnetic force has such a long range compared to the nuclear force. (d) the nuclear force is so much stronger than the gravitational force. (e) there are so many subatomic particles in the nucleus. 19. List one scientific problem with the big bang theory that has led many scientists to believe inflation occurred in the early universe. (There are several that we discussed and I will accept any of them as an answer.) 6 pts 19 pts

7 PHY100/Final Exam Page 7 of 7 Name: ( ) 20. Plutonium-239 ( 239 Pu) decays naturally emitting an alpha particle with a half life of 24,000 years. (a) (1 pts) What is the difference in the make up of the 239 Pu and 240 Pu nuclei? (b) () What is the isotope that plutonium-239 decays into? (Part of the periodic chart of the elements is reproduced below to aid in your quest for this answer.) (c) () Suppose a particular nuclear bomb design requires 3.4 kg of plutonium in order to explode. How much plutonium should be put in the bomb to insure that it will be able to explode for the next 24,000 years? (d) () Do you think the strategy of putting more fissionable material in the bomb sufficient to insure the reliability of the bomb for many, many years? What other parts may need maintenance? Briefly explain.

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