Jovian Planet Properties

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1 The Outer Planets

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4 Jovian Planet Properties

5 Jovian Planet Properties Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovians: are much larger & more massive are composed mostly of Hydrogen, Helium, & Hydrogen compounds have no solid surfaces rotate more quickly have slightly squashed shapes have many moons have ring systems

6 Inside the Jovian Planets All Jovian cores appear to be similar. made of rock, metal, and Hydrogen compounds 10 x the mass of Earth Uranus & Neptune captured less gas from the Solar nebula. accretion of planetesimals took longer not much time for gas capture before nebula was cleared out by Solar wind Only Jupiter and Saturn have high enough pressure for H & He to exist in liquid and metallic states.

7 Jovian Storms We also see high pressure storms analogous to hurricanes, but they rotate in the opposite direction Jupiter the Great Red Spot we are not sure why it is red Neptune the Great Dark Spot

8 The Jovian Atmospheres The temperature profile of each planet determines the color of its appearance. Cloud layers form where a particular gas condenses. Saturn has the same cloud layers as Jupiter. they form deeper since Saturn is colder overall they are spread farther apart since Saturn has lower gravity Uranus & Neptune cold enough to form methane clouds

9 Jovian Magnetospheres Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune have smaller & weaker magnetospheres. fraction of electrically conducting material in interiors is smaller Solar wind is weaker farther out, or else their magnetospheres would be even smaller we can not explain the magnetic field tilts of Uranus & Neptune.

10 Jovian Planets have Numerous Moons We can divide them into three groups: small moons medium moons 300 to 1,500 km in diameter large moons less than 300 km across they are not spherical probably captured asteroids greater than 1,500 km in diameter both groups formed like planets out of the mini-solar nebulae

11 Comparing Jovian Ring Systems Compared to Saturn, the other ring systems: have fewer particles are smaller in extent have darker particles Why this is so, we are not sure. Other unsolved mysteries: Uranus rings are eccentric and slightly tilted from its equatorial plane. Neptune has partial rings.

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14 Saturn s spectacular rings are composed of fragments of ice and ice-coated rock

15 Moons Pandora and Prometheus act as shepherd moons and keep the F ring to a band about 100km wide because of gravitational effects.

16 Dust spokes in Saturn s rings

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18 A system of rings and satellites revolves around Uranus Uranus sports a hazy atmosphere with few clouds

19 Uranus tilt gives it very exaggerated seasons

20 Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh by comparing photographs taken a few days apart.

21 Pluto and its moon, Charon, are about the same size

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24 Origin of the Comets The nebular theory predicted the existence of the Kuiper belt 40 years before it was discovered! The leftover icy planetesimals are the present-day comets. Those which were located between the Jovian planets, if not captured, were gravitationally flung in all directions into the Oort cloud. Those beyond Neptune s orbit remained in the ecliptic plane in what we call the Kuiper belt.

25 The Kuiper Belt of comets spreads from Neptune out 500 AU from the Sun

26 Kuiper Belt Object 1993SC - these images were taken 4.6 hours apart

27 Comet Kohoutek and Comet West

28 Comets lack tails until they enter the inner solar system

29 Comets often have two tails: a thin ION tail and a curving DUST tail

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31 Anatomy of a comet

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33 15 km long by 8 km wide Comet Halley nucleus

34 Comets don t last forever Fragmentation of Comet West shortly after passing near the Sun in 1976 (sequence of photos is from March 8 to March 24)

35 Dave Jewitt, Jan Fernandez, and Scott Shepard

36 Comet orbits are altered by gravitational interactions with planets

37 Small rocky debris peppers the meteors falling stars shooting stars bolides fireballs each are caused by small rocks colliding with Earth s atmosphere and heating up due to friction with the air solar system

38 Shower Primary Meteor Showers Date of maximum intensity Typical hourly rate Constellation Quadrantids January 3 40 Bootes Lyrids April Lyra Eta Aquarids May4 20 Aquarius Delta Aquarids July30 20 Aquarius Perseids August Perseus Orionids October Orion Taurids November 4 15 Taurus Leonids November Leo Major Geminids December Gemini Ursids December Ursa Minor

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41 The Titius-Bode Law: A series of numbers add 4 divide by ten measured value Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Pluto Neptune???

42 Homework #6 Use Bode s rule to calculate how far the eleventh planet (lets call it planet X) should be from the Sun in our solar system. How long is the year on planet X?

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