Cyclic Variations of Sun-like Stars

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1 Cyclic Variations of Sun-like Stars 14 Sep 2011 Integrity Service Excellence Richard R. Radick AFRL/RVBXS Air Force Research Laboratory 1

2 Outline The cyclic variability of the Sun (as a star) Calcium II HK spectrophotometry The HK activity of Sun-like stars Stellar Strömgren b,y photometry The photometric variability of Sun-like stars 18 Sco, the Solar Twin The SORCE / SIM surprise Summary 2

3 A Philosopher s Perspective The point of living is to study the Sun, the Moon, and the Heavens Anaxagoras (428 BCE) 3

4 A Personal Disclaimer 4

5 Cyclic Variations of the Sun W. C. Livingston R. C. Willson 5

6 Cyclic Variations of the Sun Nat l Solar Obs Kitt Peak McMath-Pierce telescope Solar-Stellar Spectrograph (SSS) solar light feed at Lowell Obs 6

7 Stellar HK Spectrophotometry A. H. Vaughan J. C. Hall O. C. Wilson S. L. Baliunas 7

8 Stellar HK Spectrophotometry Sun Color-Magnitude diagram of the Mount Wilson HK sample 8

9 Stellar HK Spectrophotometry Sun Color-Activity diagram of the Mount Wilson HK sample 9

10 Ca II HK Activity of Sun-like Stars 10

11 Ca II HK Activity of Sun-like Stars Ca II HK time series for a young star and two Sun-age stars 11

12 Ca II HK Activity of Sun-like Stars Stars of the Mount Wilson sample, highlighting the Sun (arrow) and those with Sun-like activity cycles (filled symbols). Sun HD10476 Stars with prominent, regular cycles tend to be cooler than the Sun. 12

13 Ca II HK Activity of Sun-like Stars Activity cycles for the Sun (G2V upper panel) & HD10476 (K1V lower panel) [HD10476 data from MWO ( ) & Lowell Obs ( )] 13

14 Stellar b,y Photometry Location of Strömgren b & y passbands 14

15 Stellar b,y Photometry G. W. Lockwood Lowell Observatory 21 Telescope G. W. Henry TSU Fairborn Observatory 15

16 The Photometric Sample Color-luminosity diagram for stars observed photometrically at Lowell and Fairborn. Concurrent Ca II H+K measurements for these stars have been made at Mount Wilson and Lowell. Sun 16

17 The Photometric Sample Sun Color-activity diagram for stars observed photometrically at Lowell and Fairborn. 17

18 : Measuring Sun-like stars B. A. Skiff night after night year after year 18

19 Photometric b,y variability of Sun-like Stars 19

20 Photometric b,y variability of Sun-like Stars 20

21 The sense of variation (yr-to-yr) Filled circles: HK activity anti-correlated with brightness (young stars) Open circles: HK activity directly correlated with brightness (Sun-age stars) After 11 years After 18 years Correlations are stronger with 7 years more data now available 21

22 18 Scorpii the Solar Twin 22

23 18 Sco and the Sun: Could we see the solar cycle photometrically? ACRIM data degraded to 18 Sco window & precision 23

24 18 Sco the Solar Twin Strömgren b & y (top & center) and S-index (bottom) variation 24

25 18 Sco the Solar Twin More Active Brighter Scatter plots for b, y (ordinate), and S-index (abscissa) for 18 Sco 25

26 Ratio of brightness & activity variation Sun (cycle excursion Positive bar) correlation 18 Sco (open square) Negative correlation 26

27 The Sun among the stars Magnetic activity on cycle timescales Cyclic magnetic activity, measured in the H and K lines of Ca II, obeys a power-law relation with respect to mean chromospheric activity. The Sun and the solar analog 18 Sco are slightly more variable in HK than the average for stars of similar mean chromospheric activity. 27

28 The Sun among the stars Photometric activity on cycle timescales Cycle timescale photometric variations also follow a power law. Filled symbols indicate variability. The Sun s irradiance variations may be relatively small compared with stars of similar activity. The solar analog 18 Sco may be even less variable than the Sun, although another decade of observation is needed to be sure. 28

29 The SORCE / SIM surprise b mag b y y mag S index b, y, and the S-index are all positively correlated in 18 Sco, as for many Sun-age stars... but SIM suggests different relationships for the Sun itself 29

30 Conclusions Young stars tend to show strong activity that varies irregularly. Regular cycles like the Sun s occur among older stars, particularly those cooler than the Sun. Young stars show strong photometric variability that anti-correlates with their HK variations. Older stars like the Sun show much weaker photometric variability that tends to follow cyclic Ca II activity directly, as does the solar TSI. The Solar Twin 18 Sco follows this pattern. SORCE / SIM suggests that the Sun itself behaves differently Wake me up when this gets sorted out. 30

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