Forma2on of the Solar System Pearson Educa2on, Inc.

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2 Forma2on of the Solar System

3 The Search for Origins Our goals for learning: How did we arrive at a theory of solar system forma2on? Where did the solar system come from?

4 How did we arrive at a theory of solar system forma2on? Four major features needed to be explained Several reasonable hypotheses were explored Nebular hypothesis Close encounter hypothesis

5 What proper2es of our solar system must a forma2on theory explain? 1. PaNerns of mo2on of the large bodies Orbit in same direc2on and plane 2. Existence of two types of planets Terrestrial and jovian 3. Existence of smaller bodies Asteroids and comets 4. Notable excep2ons to usual panerns Rota2on of Uranus, Earth's Moon, etc.

6 Nebular Theory The nebular theory states that our solar system formed from the gravita2onal collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud the solar nebula. (Nebula is the La2n word for cloud.) Kant and Laplace proposed the nebular hypothesis over two centuries ago. A large amount of evidence now supports this idea.

7 Nebular Theory The nebular theory states that our solar system formed from the gravita2onal collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud the solar nebula. (Nebula is the La2n word for cloud.) Kant and Laplace proposed the nebular hypothesis over two centuries ago. A large amount of evidence now supports this idea. Kant Laplace

8 Close Encounter Hypothesis A rival idea proposed that the planets formed from debris torn off the Sun by a close encounter with another star. That hypothesis could not explain observed mo2ons and types of planets.

9 Where did the solar system come from?

10 8.2 Explaining the Major Features of Our goals for learning: the Solar System What caused the orderly pa9erns of mo2on in our solar system? Why are there two major types of planets? Where did asteroids and comets come from? How do we explain "excep2ons to the rules"?

11 What caused the orderly panerns of mo2on in our solar system?

12 What caused the orderly panerns of mo2on in our solar system?

13 Conserva2on of Angular Momentum Rota2on speed of the cloud from which our solar system formed must have increased as the cloud contracted.

14 Conserva2on of Angular Momentum Rota2on of a contrac2ng cloud speeds up for the same reason a skater speeds up as she pulls in her arms.

15 FlaNening Collisions between par2cles in the cloud caused it to flanen into a disk.

16 FlaNening Spinning cloud flanens as it shrinks.

17 Disks around Other Stars Observa2ons of disks around other stars support the nebular hypothesis.

18 Why are there two major types of planets?

19 Conserva2on of Energy As gravity causes cloud to contract, it heats up.

20 Conserva2on of Energy Inner parts of disk are honer than outer parts. Rock can be solid at much greater temperatures than ice.

21 Conserva2on of Energy Pick-up image! Inside the frost line: too hot for hydrogen compounds to form ices Outside the frost line: cold enough for ices to form

22 How did the terrestrial planets form? Small par2cles of rock and metal were present inside the frost line. Planetesimals of rock and metal built up as these par2cles collided. Gravity eventually assembled these planetesimals into terrestrial planets.

23 How did the terrestrial planets form? Tiny solid par2cles s2ck to form planetesimals.

24 How did the terrestrial planets form? Gravity draws planetesimals together to form planets. This process of assembly is called accre0on.

25 Accre2on of Planetesimals Many smaller objects collected into just a few large ones.

26 How did the jovian planets form? Ice could also form small par2cles outside the frost line. Larger planetesimals and planets were able to form. Gravity of these larger planets was able to draw in surrounding H and He gases.

27 How did the jovian planets form? Gravity of rock and ice in jovian planets draws in H and He gases.

28 How did the jovian planets form? Moons of jovian planets form in miniature disks.

29 How did the jovian planets form? A combina2on of photons and the solar wind ou`lowing maner from the Sun blew away the leaover gases.

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