Science5. Student s book. Social

Transcription

1 Science5 Student s book Social

2 Contents LESSON PAGE VALUES COMUNICATION AND CRITICAL SPIRIT COMPETENCES AND MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 1. The Earth and the Universe 4 to 13 Adopting a sustainable lifestyle Preserving life on Earth Biodegradable products Mathematical competence and basic competence in science and technology / Logical-mathematical 2. Mapping the Earth 14 to 27 Understanding about water pollution Understanding how life on Earth would be if it was closer to the Sun. Mathematical competence and basic competence in science and technology / Visual-spatial 3. Climate and landscapes 36 to 53 Understanding on how greenhouse effects and global warming affect our Planet. Learning different climates around the world. Learning to learn / Naturalistic 4. Spain and Europe 54 to 71 Knowing rights and obligations of European citizens Understanding Spain s political organization. Social and civic competence / Interpersonal 5. Population 80 to 91 Respecting differences between human beings Describing the development of a country and its population. Linguistic comunication / Verbal linguistic 6. Economy 92 to 107 Knowing the influence of advertising Describing the production process. Learning to learn / Interpersonal 7. Medieval times and the Age of Discovery 108 to 139 Receiving, accepting and treating a visitor from another country Explaining why each social group was important for medieval society to work Cultural awareness and expression / Visual-spatial

3 I HAVE LEARNT Read Speak Talk Write Listen I can read about the Solar System. I can speak about the different planets. I can talk about the Earth s spheres. I can write about the seasons and their changes. I can listen and understand when speaking about the Earth s spheres. I can read about the Earth s parallels, meridian and hemispheres. I can name different types of maps. I can talk about advantages and inconveniences of globes and maps. I can draw a sketch map of the way to school. I can listen to instructions for drawing a sketch map. I can read about climate zones around the world. I can name the different climates of Spain. I can talk about climate weather conditions. I can draw climate graphs. I can listen when speaking about climate graphs. I can read about Spain as a democratic state. I can name the three main institutions of Spain. I can talk about Spain s communities and provinces. I can draw a map of my province and locate the municipality where I live. I can listen when speaking about the single market in Europe. I can read about population changes. I can name different types of population graphs. I can talk about migration. I can write about the evolution of population in Spain since the year I can listen and answer to questions about population. I can read about economic activities. I can read about the Christian kingdom and its society. I can name jobs of three economic sectors. I can name social groups in Al-Andalus. I can describe spanish and european economic activities. I can talk about different religions that coexisted in Al-Andalus. I can write about classification of companies. I can write about two facts that happened in I can listen to the explanation about entrepreneurship. I can listen to the questions about Al-Andalus.

4 Lesson 1 The Earth and the Universe Look and think: Earth turns around the Sun. It is the third planet in the Solar System, and the only one inhabited. Why do you think Earth is known as The Blue Planet? What is the Earth made up of? What about other planets? What about the Sun and the Moon? 4 four

5 Culture of peace To preserve life on Earth, it s very important that we adopt a sustainable lifestyle. Something is sustainable when it can be done over many years without doing harm to the planet. For example, some waste can decompose, so it doesn t damage the environment. According to how they decompose, the products we use can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Biodegradable things decompose quickly. This means that they turn into soil within a few months. Try to use biodegradable products as much as possible! Wood Cotton Cardboard and paper Biodegradable plastic made from corn or potato skin Cellophane is made from cellulose which is plant-based. If you are not sure, look for a label like this one. Food 1. What happens with biodegradable products after they decompose? Non-biodegradable take a very long time to decompose. Look how long it may take these common everyday items: years 450 years Maybe never Maybe never 5 years years years 100 years Drink Carton Cigarette Plastic bag Tin can Aluminium can Plastic bottle Glass Styrofoam 1. Choose five products that you have used this week. Explain if they are biodegradable or not, and how long they take to decompose. 2. Write: Do you think your lifestyle is sustainable? How could you improve it? five 5

6 The Universe We believe that the Universe began billions of years ago, in a big explosion called the Big Bang. The Universe is made up of all the space and matter that exists. In it, there are stars, planets, satellites and other celestial bodies. We can see some of them from Earth, if we look at the sky at night. GALAXIES A galaxy is a group of celestial bodies. There are millions of other galaxies in the Universe. Earth is in a galaxy called The Milky Way. Elliptical galaxy Galaxies have different shapes. Some are elliptical, some others are spiral, and others have an irregular shape. Irregular galaxy Spiral galaxy (Milky Way) STARS Stars are massive spheres of burning gas. Some of them have planets orbiting (turning) around them. After millions of years of giving off heat and light, they die out and become cold. Fact! Constellations are groups of stars that seem to create a pattern in the sky. Stars have different sizes. For example, the Sun is a medium-size star. Over time, stars get colder and colder, and change their colour. Younger Older 6 six

7 PLANETS AND SATELLITES Planets are celestial bodies that do not give off light. Some planets have satellites orbiting around them. Satellites do not give off light either. Some planets, like Earth, have only one satellite (the Moon). Others have many. OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES Asteroids are small and rocky, and they orbit around a planet or a star. Comets are made of ice and orbit around a star. When they are near it, they reflect its light and we see their tail. Meteorites are bits of asteroids that crash into a planet or a satellite. Meteorite Asteroid Halley s Comet is visible from Earth every 76 years. Craters are created by meteorite impacts. 1. Which celestial bodies give off light? Which ones don t? 2. What are the differences between a satellite and an asteroid? 3. Why do you think our galaxy is called The Milky Way? Read more about the Big Bang! 1 Visit an observatory and identify the celestial bodies! 1. Define in your own words: star - satellite - celestial body 2. Write: Why do the stars shine? 3. Write: Can we see all the different celestial bodies from Earth? Why? Which ones can we see? seven 7

8 The Solar System The Solar System is made up of the Sun, which is in the centre of the Solar System, and all the planets and other celestial bodies that orbit around it. There are eight planets in our Solar System, as well as a dwarf planet (Pluto) and many satellites and asteroids. The Sun is a mediumsize, yellow star. It turns around the centre of our galaxy, the Milky Way. INNER PLANETS Inner planets are smaller, rockier and more solid. Mercury is the smallest planet. It has no satellites. Its temperature is 180ºC. Venus is very bright. It has no satellites. 2 Learn more about the inner planets! Earth is the only planet with air and liquid water, and receives enough heat and light from the Sun, so it s the only one where it is possible to live. It has one satellite, the Moon. Fact! 75% of the surface of the Earth is covered by water! Continents Water 8 eight

9 Mars is red. It had water a long time ago. It has two satellites. Jupiter is made up of gas. It is the largest planet in the Solar System and has 63 satellites. Saturn is also made up of gas and it is surrounded by an asteroid ring. It has 33 satellites. OUTER PLANETS Outer planets are bigger and less rocky. Neptune is made up of rocks and ice. It has 13 satellites. Uranus is also made up of rocks and ice. It has 27 satellites. Fact! Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn can be seen from Earth at night! 1. Which are the hotter planets? And the colder ones? 2. What planet takes more time to orbit the Sun? Which one takes less? Click on Virtual Telescope and look at some planets and constellations! 1. Write the names of the planets in order according to their distance to the Sun. 2. Write: If a planet is red, small, and rocky, would you think that s an inner or an outer planet? Could you guess the name of the planet? 3. Put in order the planets according to how many satellites they have. nine 9

10 Rotation and revolution of the Earth As every other planet, the Earth is constantly moving. It describes two movements: THE EARTH S MOVEMENTS ROTATION Rotation happens from West to East. This means that the Sun rises in the East and sets in the West. The Earth completes one turn around its axis in 24 hours. Rotation causes day and night. Axis Autumn Sep 23rd - Dec 21st REVOLUTION The Earth s revolution causes the seasons. In summer, the Earth is at the furthest point from the Sun, but receives the sun rays in the most direct angle. In winter, the opposite happens. Summer Jun 21st - Sep 23rd Winter Dec 21st - Mar 21st Spring Mar 21st - Jun 21st Earth completes a whole turn around the Sun in about 365 days and 6 hours. To compensate for these extra 6 hours, every four years the calendar has 366 days instead. These are called leap years. Because of the Earth s rotation, there are different time zones. Fact! 1. Is it the same time in every part of the planet? 2. When was the last leap year? When will the next one be? Explain in your own words how the distance from the Earth to the Sun and the angle of the sun rays change throughout the seasons. 10 ten

11 The Moon The Moon is the Earth s satellite. As any other satellites, the Moon does not give off light, but we see it because sunlight gets reflected on its surface. The Moon rotates around its own axis, and also orbits the Earth. In both cases, one turn takes twenty-eight days. MOON PHASES As the Moon orbits the Earth it reflects sunlight differently. That is why from Earth it seems that it changes shapes. We call these shapes phases. New moon Waxing moon MOON ECLIPSES If the Moon, the Earth and the Sun align, the Earth s shadow falls the Moon and we cannot see it from the Earth. Full moon Waning moon The surface of the Moon is covered in craters. Fact! 3 Water on Earth is attracted by the Moon, and it moves back and forth. This movement is what we call tides. Play Questions and answers! 1. If the Moon orbits the Earth, does it also turn around the Sun? How long would it take? 2. What s the position of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon when there s a new moon? 1. How much does the Moon take to turn around its axis? And around the Earth? 2. Why do you think the Moon is covered in craters? eleven 11

12 Spheres of Earth Earth can be divided in 4 spheres: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere. ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding Earth, including oxygen and carbon dioxide. The atmosphere has several layers. In them, air has slightly different properties. Other gases (carbon dioxide, water vapour): 1% +500 km Outer layers of the atmosphere Oxygen: 20% Nitrogen: 79% The air is thinner as we go up. 50 km km Stratosphere Troposphere HYDROSPHERE The hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth (both salt water and fresh water). Fresh water 3% Salt water 97% Oceans Rivers Underground water Lakes Rain Snow Ice Oceans are full of salt water and make up 97% of water on Earth! The other 3% is fresh water, which means the water does not contain salt. 12 twelve

13 BIOSPHERE The biosphere is all the organisms that live in the other three spheres, such as: Animals Microorganisms Plants The geosphere is the solid part of Earth. It has three layers. THE CRUST The crust is the thin outer layer, made up of soil and rocks. THE MANTLE The mantle is the next layer down and is made up mostly of rocks and some magma. THE CORE The core is the centre, and is very hot. It is liquid in the outer part and solid in the inner part. Soil GEOSPHERE Rocks Rocks Magma Fact! Lithosphere is a solid layer. It includes the crust and a little portion of the mantle. 4 Learn more about the spheres of the Earth! 1. Is there more salt water or fresh water in the hydrosphere? Why? 2. What gases make up the atmosphere? Which is the most abundant? 3. Are there liquid materials in the geosphere? Where? 4. Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? Which one do we need to breathe? 1. Write: What did you know about the atmosphere before? What do you know now? 2. Write four examples of places on Earth where we could find freshwater. 3. Write five organisms that are part of the biosphere. 4. Make a diagram with what you think it s the basic information about the spheres of Earth. thirteen 13