The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series

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1 The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series For further volumes:

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3 From Casual Stargazer to Amateur Astronomer How to Advance to the Next Level Dave Eagle

4 Dave Eagle Higham Ferrers, UK ISSN ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface Astronomy is one of the few sciences where the amateur can still make a valuable contribution to real science. Today there are a growing number of professionalamateur collaborations where professional astronomers rely on amateurs to collect and process data. By observing the sky themselves, amateurs can still discover or make an extremely useful contribution to making new discoveries. Like any relationship, successful astronomical observing takes some level of learning, commitment, communication and investment in both time and effort. Only by doing this will you get the very best out of our fabulous hobby and that intimate partnership to mature properly. As a person who is interested in astronomy, do you feel that you could get involved yourself? If not, why not? Is this because you don t have enough knowledge? Or is it because you don t feel you just do not have enough experience? There is really only one way to get the knowledge and experience needed, and that s to get out there and keep observing yourself. Much as the term stargazer is much loved around the world, the term amateur astronomer does sound far more professional, but at the same time intimidating. Within these pages you will take a long hard look at where you currently lie along your path of discovery. It will clear the way along this path, helping to steer your journey with the least pain, or at least help you to avoid some of the major pitfalls. You will also fi nd lots of hints and tips as well as sources of information so that your knowledge and observing con fi dence matures and fl ourishes. By the end of the book, you really will feel that you too consider yourself an amateur astronomer, rather than a stargazer. Higham Ferrers, UK Dave Eagle v

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7 Acknowledgements Not only is this book the result of years of experience and frustration from years of observing from under the cloudy skies of the UK, it is also the result of the input of many people over many years of observing. So I really cannot take all the credit for it. It would not have been possible without the assistance and input of quite a number of people. This ranges from the many people I have met over the years at local astronomy clubs, particularly Bedford Astronomical Society. Many of these have become very good friends. Along the way they taught me a thing or two about astronomy as I journeyed my own path of astronomical discovery. I would also like to thank Dusko Novakovik and Nick Hewitt from Northampton Natural History Society, Astronomy Section. Diligently reading my ramblings, they picked up quite a few of my gaffs and spelling mistakes, gently advising me to make a few changes. I hoped this would prevent me from making myself a laughing stock. Let s hope it has worked. I cannot praise or thank my illustrators enough. Seb Jay, for his major contribution on the chapter about drawing in this book and his detailed astronomical drawings, which really do put most of mine to shame. The wonderful line drawings of me by the telescope were produced by Gita Parekh. I think they really stand out and give the book that little personal touch. Most of all I would like to thank my loving wife, Sue. She endures the passion I have for my favourite hobby, (one of far too many), as well as the dome taking up a good proportion of our back yard. Sue has put up with a lot since we met, but throughout it all, she has always been extremely supportive in all my endeavours. vii

8 viii Acknowledgements Now that this book is fi nally fi nished, Sue will be extremely relieved to have her husband back in the land of the living once more, instead of being a slave to his computer. Higham Ferrers, UK Dave Eagle

9 About the Author Dave Eagle has been interested in astronomy for most of his life. As a boy, he followed with great excitement the landing of the Apollo missions, which sparked his enthusiasm even more. This set him well on the way to learning much more about the night sky as he started to explore it for himself. In his mid-20s, Eagle established the Bedford Astronomical Society, holding the position of Secretary for many years before becoming Chairman. He also held the post of Handbook Editor for the Federation of Astronomical Societies for 3 years and is a Fellow of The Royal Astronomical Society. He is an enthusiastic ambassador for the subject, frequently giving talks to local astronomical societies, social clubs, schools, youth groups and other interested parties. He also encourages others to get out and observe, producing a monthly sky guide which is free to download from his website. Eagle is a trained biological scientist, but after trying his hand at science teaching he eventually moved out of the labs and into the fi eld of IT. He is fortunate enough to have his own small personal observatory in his back yard and considers himself a good all-rounder, enjoying all aspects of astronomy. Despite suffering from a reasonable amount of light pollution in his small town, he is still able to actively observe and image the sky. ix

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11 Contents Part I Developing Your Skills 1 Accessing and Developing Your Observing Skills Stargazer or Amateur Astronomer? Perceptions and Expectations Assessing Your Skills and Identifying Your Interests Taking Stock Some General Observing Rules Managing Your Expectations How the Human Eye Works Dark Adaptation Factors That Can Affect Your Night Vision Maintaining Your Dark Adaptation Eyesight Correction Set Yourself Realistic Targets Evaluate Your Favored List of Targets Assess Your Abilities Planning and Recording Your Observing Sessions Preparing for an Observing Session Weather Gain Knowledge of Your Quarry Keep an Observing Notebook Date and Time of Observation The Seeing Scale Note Down How and What You Observed xi

12 xii Contents 2.8 Astronomical Drawing Getting Started with Drawing Equipment Needed for Drawing How to Draw Finalizing Your Drawings for Presentation Equipment Telescopes and Accessories A Long Hard Look at Your Equipment General Notes About Telescopes Binoculars Choosing Binoculars Telescopes Accessories Finder Scopes Eyepieces Star Diagonal or Right-Angle Prism Barlow Lenses Filters An Occulting Bar Dew Prevention Collimating Your Telescope Cleaning/Resurfacing Lenses and Mirrors Aperture/Equipment Fever Your Own Observatory Part II Practical Observing: Your Quarry Awaits 5 Constellations, Asterisms and Stars Star-Hopping Learn to Star-Hop Positions of Objects on the Sky Asterisms The Brightness of Stars The Bayer Designation Limiting Naked Eye Magnitude Estimating Star Magnitudes The Colors of Stars The Hertzprung-Russell Diagram Investigating the Colors of Stars Simple Spectroscopy Star Catalogs... 88

13 Contents xiii 6 Variable and Double Stars Variable Stars Naming of Variable Stars Types of Variable Stars Supernovae Naming of Supernova Variable Star Observing Programs Double and Multiple Stars The Main Types of Double Stars Measuring Double Stars Instruments for Splitting Double Stars The Airy Disk Dawes Limit A Couple of Challenging Double Stars Double and Variable Star Resources The Solar System: The Sun Observing the Sun Observing the Sun Indirectly Observing the Sun Directly Sunspots Counting Sunspots Counting Sunspot Groups Classification of Sunspot Groups Hydrogen Alpha and Calcium Solar Observing Solar Eclipses Solar Resources The Solar System: The Moon Observing the Moon Common Lunar Features Transient Lunar Phenomena and Impact Flashes Lunar Eclipses The Danjon Scale Lunar Occultations Lunar Resources The Solar System: Observing the Planets Mercury & Venus: The Inner Planets Visibility of the Inner Planets Observing the Inner Planets Observing Features on the Inner Planets Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune: The Outer Planets Retrograde Motion of the Planets Observing Mars

14 xiv Contents 9.8 Observing Jupiter Jupiter s Red Spot Other Jovian Features Jupiter s Moons Observing Saturn Saturn s Ring System Saturn s Cloud Structure Saturn s Moons Uranus and Neptune Moons of Uranus and Neptune Planetary Occultations of Stars or Other Planets The Solar System: Minor Solar System Bodies and Other Phenomena Minor Solar System Bodies Pluto Get a Permanent Observatory Number Measuring the Brightness of Minor Planets Observing Minor Planet Occultations Two Objects to Look Out For Meteors and Meteor Showers Meteorites Planning a Meteorite Hunt Observing Satellites Observing Geosynchronous Satellites Observing Passing Spacecraft Satellite Resources The Aurora The Zodiacal Light Atmospheric Effects The Solar System: Observing Comets Comet Behavior Comet Naming Comet Features Structure of a Comet Measuring the Comet s Coma The Comets Tail(s) Predicting a Comets Future Appearance Daylight Comets Hunting for New Comets Comet Resources Beyond the Solar System: Deep Sky Objects Observing Deep Sky Objects Deep Sky Catalogs

15 Contents xv 12.3 Open Star Clusters Globular Star Clusters Planetary Nebulae Gaseous Nebulae Supernova Remnants Galaxies Quasars Deep-Sky Resources Basic Astrophotography Astro-imaging Background Basic Astrophotography Primer Taking Your First Images Processing Your Hard Earned Images Astrophotography Through the Telescope Imaging the Planets Imaging Deep Sky Objects Astrophotography Resources Part III Further Information Sources and Community 14 Online Resources Software Online Citizen Astronomy Remote Telescopes Astronomy Podcasts Mobile Phone/Tablet Apps Meeting Other Observers Local Astronomical Clubs/Societies National and International Organizations Online Discussions and Resources Astronomy Conventions Remote Dark Sky Observing. Going it Alone Remote Dark Sky Observing. Star Parties Basic Rules for Star Parties Some of the Biggest and Most Popular Star Parties Star Maps, Sources of Information, Publications and Further Reading Star Maps Other Publications Places of Astronomical Interest Astronomical Holidays Further Reading/References Space Travel and Exploration

16 xvi Contents 15.7 Light Pollution and Organizations The History of Astronomy Conclusion Keep the Passion Burning Author s Closing Remarks Index

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