Chapter 27: Light. What is light?

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1 Chapter 27: Light What is light?

2 Scientists first theorized light was a wave as it behaved with a wave properties, i.e. diffraction and interference.

3 In 1905, Einstein realized that light was behaving as if it was composed of tiny particles (called photons) and that the energy of each particle was proportional to the frequency (leading to the photoelectric effect)

4 Light travels at approximately: 300,000,000 meters per second, or 186,000 miles per second. Therefore, light can travel: from the Sun to the Earth in 500 seconds (8¼ min) from the Sun to Pluto in 5½ hours from Earth to Mars: 3 minutes (closest) to 22 minutes (farthest) So the "delay" in communication with Mars is between 6 minutes and 44 minutes.

5 A light year is the distance light can travel in a year 1 Light Year 3.0x108 m sec

6 Imagine what the world would be like to a creature that can only see a tiny portion of the light spectrum and is blind to the rest.

7 Imagine what the world would be like to a creature that can only see a tiny portion of the light spectrum and is blind to the rest. That is us!

8 Electromagnetic Waves Light is created by moving electric charges, electrons in the atom. This energy is partially electric and partially magnetic, and therefore is called an electromagnetic wave. Visible light (what we can see) makes up a VERY SMALL (0.1%) part of the whole electromagnetic spectrum.

9

10 Chapter 27: Light (cont'd) Polarization Light travels in waves. This wave is also transverse which can be demonstrated through the effect knows as polarization.

11 Chapter 27: Light (cont'd) Polarization (cont'd) With transverse waves, they vibrate in a specific direction, i.e. a rope going up and down. However, most light is unpolarized because the light being emitted is randomly oriented, i.e. multiple waves with different orientations. But if a polarizing filter is introduced, the light will either pass through or be blocked, depending on its orientation.

12 Chapter 27: Light (cont'd) Polarization (cont'd) Look at these pictures images through polarized and unpolarized lenses. What effect does polarization have on the images. Polarization applet

13 Polarization 3D viewing The 3D viewing is created by using either passive or active polarization. In active polarization works by turning on the view for one eye while turning off the other and alternating very rapidly. The brain recombines the images into one with depth. In passive polarization each lens is polarized to a particular direction. Two video sources with the same image are each polarized to a different direction but are projected onto the same screen. Each lens will "see" the image for the polarization that matches it. Again, the brain will recombine the images into one that has depth. Active vs. Passive Polarization ( pm)

14 Chapter 27: Light (cont'd) Light and Materials Remember, forced vibrations occur when one source causes a different source to vibrate at the same frequency, i.e. remember the sound chambers in our "Sound Lab". Since light is energy carried in a wave, when it strikes materials, the results vary greatly. How the material responds depends on the frequency of the light and the natural frequency of the electrons in the material.

15 Chapter 27: Light (cont'd) Light and Materials (cont'd) Some materials are transparent, meaning light passes through the material without any significant loss, i.e. water and glass. Although glass is transparent to visible light, it is NOT transparent to light in the infrared and ultraviolet frequencies.

16 Chapter 27: Light (cont'd) Light and Materials (cont'd) However, some materials allow some light to pass through, but not all. In this case, these materials partially absorb the frequencies of visible light with only some reemission, making them translucent.

17 Chapter 27: Light (cont'd) Light and Materials (cont'd) When materials absorb light without reemission, then no light passes through them, and they are called opaque.

18 Video Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic Spectrum video (5:19) Radio waves video (3:58) Microwaves video (3:22) Infrared video (5:22) Visible light video (4:49) Ultraviolet Rays video (3:41) X Rays video (2:49) Gamma Rays video (3:41)

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