Light III The Atom & Spectra. February 12, 2012

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1 Light III The Atom & Spectra February 12, 2012

2 Average: Test

3 Takeaway Message: YOU NEED TO STUDY MORE you need to come to class EVERY DAY (TPS questions will NOT be posted on the website) almost NOBODY is coming to office hours, if you do not understand something, come ask us several of the questions were same/similar to those in your lecture tutorials and think-pair-share questions, make sure you understand these!!! go to office hours, look over questions later, discuss them with classmates outside of class. In short, you will have to STUDY OUTSIDE OF CLASS future tests will be just as hard (if not harder) There will be opportunity for extra credit, but you will have to be in class to get it

4 Recap: Blackbody Curve The peak of the blackbody curve tells you temperature The overall height of the blackbody curve tells you Luminosity Luminosity depends on Temperature and Size

5 So by observing a star s energy output as a function of wavelength we can determine its temperature What else can we find out about stars by looking at their light? composition (i.e. what its made of): how? 5

6 An atom Bohr model of Atom consists of a small, dense nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons Model Proposed by Niels Bohr 1913

7 Atoms are mostly empty space A nucleus is about m in size and the first electron orbits out at m from the center of the atom The size of the electron orbit is 100,000 times greater than the size of the nucleus

8 So if a nucleus the size of an orange (10 cm) was located at the center of the football field, where would the electron be? End Zone? Grandstands? On Campus? In Tucson?

9 If the electron s orbit is 100,000 times bigger than the nucleus then the electron would be 10,000 m or 6.21 miles away from the center of the Football Field! Still in Tucson, up in the foothills shopping at La Encantada!!

10 Nucleus contains Protons and Neutrons Nucleus Ground state is lowest energy state other states are called excited states Energy levels become more closely spaced further from the nucleus

11 Nucleus Electron Electrons orbit the nucleus on energy levels These energy levels are fixed and discrete

12 Photons (light-waves) are emitted from an atom when an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy level Emission Nucleus

13 Photons (light-waves) can also be absorbed by an atom when an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level Absorption Nucleus

14 Hydrogen E = hf = hc λ

15 Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it is excited

16 demo 16

17 We will study three types of spectra!!! Hot/Dense Energy Source prism Continuous Spectrum Hot low density cloud of Gas prism Emission Line Spectrum Hot/Dense Energy Source prism Cooler low density cloud of Gas Absorption Line Spectrum

18 The type of spectrum given off depends on the objects involved Law #1 The excited atoms within a hot dense object give off light of all colors (wavelengths) and produce a continuous spectrum -- a complete rainbow of colors (range of wavelengths) without any spectral lines. *Note: although I have only drawn visible light, this is for *all* forms of light

19 We will study three types of spectra!!! Hot/Dense Energy Source prism Continuous Spectrum

20 The type of spectrum given off depends on the objects involved Law #2 The excited atoms within a hot, cloud of gas give off only particular colors (wavelengths) of light and produce an emission line spectrum - a series of bright spectral lines against a dark background.

21 We will study three types of spectra!!! Hot low density cloud of Gas prism Emission Line Spectrum

22 The type of spectrum given off depends on the objects involved Law #3 When the light from a hot dense object passes through a cool cloud of gas, the atoms within the cloud can absorb particular colors (wavelengths) of light and produce a absorption line spectrum - a series of dark spectral lines among the colors of the rainbow.

23 We will study three types of spectra!!! Hot/Dense Energy Source prism Cooler low density cloud of Gas Absorption Line Spectrum

24 Atoms & Spectra Spectra occur because atoms absorb and emit photons with only certain wavelengths Electrons have discrete energy states

25 Atom & Spectra This is the spectrum of the Sun Dark features are absorption lines Tell us about composition of the Sun The Sun has a hot dense core surrounded by a lower density atmosphere

26 Lecture Tutorial: Light and Atoms AND Analyzing Spectra Work with a partner! Read the instructions and questions carefully. Discuss the concepts and your answers with one another. Take time to understand it now!!!! Come to a consensus answer you both agree on. If you get stuck or are not sure of your answer, ask another group.

27 What physical situation makes this spectrum?

28 The type of spectrum given off depends on the objects involved Law #3 When the light from a hot dense object passes through a cool cloud of gas, the atoms within the cloud can absorb particular colors (wavelengths) of light and produce a absorption line spectrum - a series of dark spectral lines among the colors of the rainbow.

29 All stars produce dark line absorption spectra

30 What can we learn by analyzing starlight? A star s temperature A star s chemical composition

31 Tutorial (homework): Types of Spectra p.63 Work with a partner! Read the instructions and questions carefully. Discuss the concepts and your answers with one another. Take time to understand it now!!!! Come to a consensus answer you both agree on. If you get stuck or are not sure of your answer, ask another group.

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